scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Author

Ellen Goldensohn

Bio: Ellen Goldensohn is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Midnight & Crying. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 4 publications receiving 92 citations.

Papers
More filters
Journal Article
TL;DR: There is a strong need for a better balance in patent law to secure the proper interpretation of the ordre public and morality exemption in European patent law, in accordance with the purposes and intentions of the European legislator and with the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Abstract: Authored by Ingrid Schneider The essence of this Opinion is supported by Christoph Then This document is a dissenting opinion to the Report on patents in the field of human stem cells (hereinafter referred to as the “Report”) of the Expert Group on the development and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering (E02973). As in the Report, this dissenting opinion is focused on human stem cells, human embryos and gametes as well as the application of the ordre public and morality clause of Art. 53 EPC and the respective Articles 5 and 6 in the Directive 98/44/EC. Summary  The Report does not object to “non‐destructive uses” of human embryos (cf. Report, page 18). Article 6(2)c of the Directive, however, considers unpatentable \"uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposes\" and does not distinguish between \"destructive\" and \"non‐destructive\" uses of human embryos. It is arbitrary to exclude \"destructive uses\" from patentability and to allow \"non‐destructive\" uses of human embryos.  Even if \"non‐destructive\" uses of human embryos were deemed patentable, the method disclosed in Chung et al. 2008 does not provide sound evidence for a \"non‐ destructive\" use of human embryos, contrary to the Report (page 20)  Stem cells derived from activated human egg cells (parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells, hpES) are not identical to human embryonic stem cells, and therefore it is inadmissible to grant patents for processes and products on human embryonic stem cells, based on such hpES methods.  Novel methods enable the use of iPS or embryonic stem cells to create artificial gametes and embryos genetically derived from two partners of same sex or from one individual only. It is recommended that both the European Commission and the EPO specify and clarify that the term “germ cell” also includes artificially created egg and sperm cells, and that the term embryo also covers those artificially fused embryos.  Genome editing technologies such as CRISPR have reignited the debate on human germline modification. It is paramount that both the European Commission and the EPO specify and clarify that Articles 6(2)b and 6(2)c apply to CRISPR‐Cas9 and CRISPR‐ Cpf1, if practiced in human germ cells and human embryos.  Transparency and accountability of the work of the EPO requires disclosure of data on patent applications and grants, and revelation of changed granting practices in the EPO's Guidelines for Examination. There is a strong need for a better balance in patent law to secure the proper interpretation of the ordre public and morality exemption in European patent law, in accordance with the purposes and intentions of the European legislator and with the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights. This requires the European Commission to take the initiative in strengthening the patent exclusions in Articles 5 and 6. In view of the rapid scientific developments it is urgently needed to provide an adequate clarification and precise guidance for the correct interpretation of the Directive 98/44/EC. This would comprise the following possibilities:

59 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: What do you do to start reading words pictures?
Abstract: What do you do to start reading words pictures? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this words pictures.

37 citations

Journal Article

4 citations

Journal Article

1 citations


Cited by
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined three types of antismoking policy choices by the 675 largest U.S. cities between 1975 and 2000 and found evidence for four mechanisms of policy diffusion: learning from earlier adopters, economic competition among proximate cities, imitation of larger cities, and coercion by state governments.
Abstract: Local policy adoptions provide an excellent opportunity to test among potential mechanisms of policy diffusion. By examining three types of antismoking policy choices by the 675 largest U.S. cities between 1975 and 2000, we uncover robust patterns of policy diffusion, yielding three key findings. First, we distinguish among and find evidence for four mechanisms of policy diffusion: learning from earlier adopters, economic competition among proximate cities, imitation of larger cities, and coercion by state governments. Second, we find a temporal component to these effects, with imitation being a more short-lived diffusion process than the others. Third, we show that these mechanisms are conditional, with larger cities being better able to learn from others, less fearful of economic spillovers, and less likely to rely on imitation.

942 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conduct a comprehensive analysis of vertical policy diffusion from city governments to state governments, while simultaneously examining the influence of state-tostate and national-to-state diffusion.
Abstract: Studies of policy diffusion often focus on the horizontal spread of enactments from one state to another, paying little or no attention to the effects of local laws on state-level adoptions. For example, scholars have not tested whether local policy adoptions make state action more likely (through a snowball effect) or less likely (through a pressure valve effect). This study conducts the first comprehensive analysis of vertical policy diffusion from city governments to state governments, while simultaneously examining the influence of state-to-state and national-to-state diffusion. Focusing on three different types of antismoking laws, we find evidence that policies do bubble up from city governments to state governments. State politics are crucial to this relationship, however, as local-to-state diffusion is contingent on the level of legislative professionalism and the strength of health advocates in the state.

520 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of learning and policy choice across governments is presented, where governments choose policies with known ideological positions but initially unknown valence benefits, possibly learning about those benefits between the model's two periods.
Abstract: We present a model of learning and policy choice across governments. Governments choose policies with known ideological positions but initially unknown valence benefits, possibly learning about those benefits between the model's two periods. There are two variants of the model; in one, governments only learn from their own experiences, whereas in the other they learn from one another's experiments. Based on similarities between these two versions, we illustrate that much accepted scholarly evidence of policy diffusion could simply have arisen through independent actions by governments that only learn from their own experiences. However, differences between the game-theoretic and decision-theoretic models point the way to future empirical tests that discern learning-based policy diffusion from independent policy adoptions.

274 citations

Book
01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a grounded theoretical model of young children's understanding of picture storybooks and suggest that children respond in five different ways during picture storybook readalays.
Abstract: The author draws on his own extensive research in urban classrooms to present a grounded theoretical model of young children's understanding of picture storybooks Advancing a much broader and deeper theory of literary understanding, the author suggests that children respond in five different ways during picture storybook readalounds; that these responses reveal that children are engaged in five different types of literary meaning-making; and that these five types of meaning-making are instantiations of five foundational aspects of literary understandingCapturing the liveliness of children's responses, this dynamic volume: describes picture storybooks as sophisticated aesthetic objects worthy of children's literary critical abilities; offers a theory of literary understanding that is relevant to contemporary young children from a wide variety of ethnic, racial, and socio-economic backgrounds; includes a wealth of examples of children's responses and how teachers' scaffolded the children's interpretation of stories; and, examines the significance of young children's literary interpretation, factors that influence literary understanding, and implications for practice and further research

240 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the possibilities and pitfalls involved in the selection of multicultural literature for use with young children, examines two books featuring Mexican American protagonists to illuminate issues and problems in the images the books
Abstract: Children's picture books have an increasingly significant place in early childhood classrooms. Picture books that depict the variety of ethnic, racial, and cultural groups within U.S. society (known generally as multicultural picture books) allow young children opportunities to develop their understanding of others, while affirming children of diverse backgrounds. This paper discusses the possibilities and the pitfalls involved in the selection of multicultural literature for use with young children, examines two books featuring Mexican American protagonists to illuminate issues and problems in the images the books

149 citations