Elliott M. Antman

Bio: Elliott M. Antman is an academic researcher from Brigham and Women's Hospital. The author has contributed to research in topics: Myocardial infarction & TIMI. The author has an hindex of 161, co-authored 716 publications receiving 179462 citations. Previous affiliations of Elliott M. Antman include Duke University & Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.

Cardiac Arrhythmias During Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract: Dysrhythmias are common during acute myocardial infarction (AMI); these range from benign premature beats to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Reports from the early coronary-care unit (CCU) era suggested that the majority of patients with AMI have some abnormality of heart rhythm (1). In recent years, the management of arrhythmias associated with AMI has evolved significantly, along with other elements of CCU care. Malignant ventricular arrhythmias remain the cause of most prehospital sudden deaths as a result of AMI.

Reducing the Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Prevention Guidelines

Abstract: A 58-year-old man, JB, schedules a visit with his primary care physician to explore what he could do to prevent a heart attack or stroke. He previously considered himself in good health and is not aware of any medical problems or symptoms. His visit is prompted by his best friend having a heart attack and the recollection that his father suffered a massive heart attack at age 59. JB continues to smoke ≈10 cigarettes a day. He plays an occasional game of pick-up basketball with friends but has a sedentary job. Over the past 20 years, he acknowledges that he has accumulated ≈25 pounds of excess weight. JB cautions his physician that he does not want to take a lot of pills, but is not clear how best to improve his chances of avoiding his father’s fate. On physical examination, JB’s weight is 230 pounds, height 72 inches, corresponding to a body mass index of 31.2 kg/m2, classified as obese. His blood pressure is 160/95 mm Hg, heart rate 78 beat/min and regular. Apart from his truncal obesity, the remainder of his physical examination is normal. His physician orders blood work, a cholesterol panel, and a blood sugar. After the results are available, he begins a discussion with JB. Approximately every 34 seconds, someone in the US has a heart attack. Research has shown that there are major risk factors which significantly increase the risk of angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, and sudden cardiac death—all part of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) spectrum. The modifiable risk factors—factors that can be influenced by healthy behaviors—include hypertension, smoking, elevated blood cholesterol (lipids), and diabetes mellitus. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chances of developing some form of CVD. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, …

Temporary and Permanent Pacemaker Therapy

Abstract: Temporary cardiac pacing can be achieved by four basic techniques: thump pacing, external transthoracic electrical pacing, percutaneous transthoracic pacing, and transvenous endocar-dial pacing.

Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses

Abstract: Cochrane Reviews have recently started including the quantity I 2 to help readers assess the consistency of the results of studies in meta-analyses. What does this new quantity mean, and why is assessment of heterogeneity so important to clinical practice? Systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide convincing and reliable evidence relevant to many aspects of medicine and health care.1 Their value is especially clear when the results of the studies they include show clinically important effects of similar magnitude. However, the conclusions are less clear when the included studies have differing results. In an attempt to establish whether studies are consistent, reports of meta-analyses commonly present a statistical test of heterogeneity. The test seeks to determine whether there are genuine differences underlying the results of the studies (heterogeneity), or whether the variation in findings is compatible with chance alone (homogeneity). However, the test is susceptible to the number of trials included in the meta-analysis. We have developed a new quantity, I 2, which we believe gives a better measure of the consistency between trials in a meta-analysis. Assessment of the consistency of effects across studies is an essential part of meta-analysis. Unless we know how consistent the results of studies are, we cannot determine the generalisability of the findings of the meta-analysis. Indeed, several hierarchical systems for grading evidence state that the results of studies must be consistent or homogeneous to obtain the highest grading.2–4 Tests for heterogeneity are commonly used to decide on methods for combining studies and for concluding consistency or inconsistency of findings.5 6 But what does the test achieve in practice, and how should the resulting P values be interpreted? A test for heterogeneity examines the null hypothesis that all studies are evaluating the same effect. The usual test statistic …

The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration

Abstract: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safety of health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement—a reporting guideline published in 1999—there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this Explanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.

Abstract: "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages(1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

Abstract: The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.