Emmanuel C. Uttah

Bio: Emmanuel C. Uttah is an academic researcher from University of Port Harcourt. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Zooplankton. The author has an hindex of 6, co-authored 19 publications receiving 99 citations. Previous affiliations of Emmanuel C. Uttah include Cross River University of Technology.

The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria

Abstract: This study was aimed at determining the abundance and biting patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus in the coastal region of Nigeria. Collections were done by human landing catch and by CDC miniature light traps from September 2005 to August 2006. A total of 3798 C. quinquefasciatus females were collected. The highest number of females was caught in the month of August and it represented nearly a quarter (24.0%) of the total females collected. In all, 38.8% of females dissected were parous. The abundance of C. quinquefasciatus followed the pattern of rainfall with the population starting to expand at the onset of the rains. The highest increase was found after the temperature had peaked. The mean of biting was 3.2 times more in the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas the transmission potential was higher in the dry season. C. quinquefasciatus is presently regarded as a biting nuisance having no significant epidemiological importance yet. Efforts at its control should be intensified before it is too late.

Comparative Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasmosis among Three Subgroups in Nigeria

Abstract: The study was aimed at ascertaining the seroprevalence and some risk factors of toxoplasmosis among those attending the National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria Using the ImmunoComb Toxo IgG Kit for the detection of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in human serum/ plasma, 216 persons were examined for toxoplasmosis This comprised of equal number (72 persons each) of persons from three subgroups, namely, gravid women, immuno-compromised persons consisting of patients with HIV and hepatitis, and the immuno-competent persons who are the controls The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 315% Seroprevalence was significantly higher among pregnant women than among both the immuno-compromised and the immuno-competent persons (?2-test; p 005) Seroprevalence increased with age among gravid women, as well as among the immuno-compromised subgroups but not among the controls Overall, seroprevalence among those living with cats/dogs (4561%) was significantly higher than that of those living without cats/dogs (1569%) (?2-test; p < 005); while the risk of infection with toxoplasmosis was four times higher than among those not living with cats (Odds Ratio 451) This was the same among the immune-compromised as well as the immune-competent where the risks of getting infected were five times higher among those cohabiting with cats (Odd Ratio 545 and Odds Ratio 536 respectively) Among the pregnant women, the risk of getting infected with toxoplasmosis was three times higher among those cohabiting with cats (Odds Ratio 300) Seroprevalence was independent of the tribal origin (?2-test; p < 005 for all the tests) Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, serprevalence, pregnant women, immuno-compromised, immuno-competent, Nigeria

Bancroftian filariasis in the lower Imo River Basin, Nigeria

Abstract: Wuchereria bancrofti is present in the Lower Imo River Basin with a prevalence of 6.7%. Microfilaraemia was higher among older than younger individuals and there was no significant difference in prevalence between sexes. Microfilarial intensities varied significantly between sexes and also between age groups. On the overall, prevalence of clinical filariasis was higher than prevalence of microfilaraemia. Clinical manifestations related to W. bancrofti were hydrocele, limb and scrotal elephantiasis in that order of importance. Limb elephantiasis was higher among females than among males. Chyluria was not found in the Lower Imo River Basin study population. AJAZEB Vol. 6 2004: pp. 61-65

Four-year longitudinal assessment of the prevalence of typhoid fever among those attending the General Hospital Etinan, Nigeria

Abstract: The study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of typhoid fever by Salmonella typhii and the four year trend of the infection in Etinan, Akwa Ibom State using hospital-based data. Hospital records of those who attended the General Hospital Etinan for medical attention was collected and collated. The four year cumulative prevalence of Salmonella infection was 63.8% (58.0% for males and 68.2% for females), Prevalence was significantly higher among females than among males (x2-test; p < 0.05). Prevalence was comparable in all the years except for the year 2001, which had a significantly higher prevalence than that of each of the other years (x2-test; p < 0.05 for all the tests). A comparison of the prevalence of Salmonella typhi in each of the age groups between 2000 and 2003 showed that in 2001, there was significantly high prevalence (up to 80%) in the first two age groups, 0-4 years and 5-9 years, unlike in the other years where prevalence in the same age groups ranged from 12% to 52% (x2-test; p < 0.05 for all the tests). Generally, prevalence among the various age groups ranged from: 12% in 0-4 years age group to 90% in the 40-44 years age group in the year 2000, 50% in the 10-14 years age group to 90% in the 39-34 years age group in 2001, 25% in the 5-9 years age group to 82% in the 10-14 years age group in 2002, 25% in the 4-9 years age group to 82% in the 10-14 years age group in the year 2003. Only the age group 5-9 years has prevalence below 50%. Typhoid fever is highly prevalent in Etinan, and urgent steps towards its mitigation are recommended.

Sporadic onchocerciasis in the lower Imo River basin, Nigeria

Abstract: Onchocerca volvulus is present in the Lower Imo River Basin with a mf prevalence of 3.5%,. Microfilaraemia was higher among older than younger individuals and there was no significant difference in prevalence between sexes. Microfilarial intensities varied significantly between sexes and also between age groups. On the overall, prevalence of clinical onchocerciasis was higher than prevalence of microfilaraemia. The commonest clinical manifestation related to O. Volvulus was permanent itching, and visual acuity problem. A total of 42 (48.8%) of the individuals with permanent itching were positive for O. volvulus microfilaraemia. The difference mf prevalence between the two categories was not statistically significant (χ 2 -test; p 2 -test; p > 0.05). The O. volvulus microfilaraemia was higher among those who presented visual acuity problems with an mf prevalence of 11.9% and an mf GMI of 27 mf/skin snip. For those who did not present with visual acuity problems, 2.5% were positive for O. volvulus microfilaraemia, with an mf GMI of 19 mf/skin snip. The difference in mf prevalence was statistically significant (γ 2 -test; p AJAZEB Vol. 6 2004: pp. 66-70

Guidelines for drinking-water quality Third Edition - Vol. 1, Recommendation

Abstract: Guidelines for drinking-water quality Third Edition - Vol. 1, Recommendation , Guidelines for drinking-water quality Third Edition - Vol. 1, Recommendation , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Lymphatic Filariasis in Nigeria; Micro-stratification Overlap Mapping (MOM) as a Prerequisite for Cost-Effective Resource Utilization in Control and Surveillance

Abstract: Background Nigeria has a significant burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. A major concern to the expansion of the LF elimination programme is the risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) associated with the use of ivermectin in areas co-endemic with Loa filariasis. To better understand this, as well as other factors that may impact on LF elimination, we used Micro-stratification Overlap Mapping (MOM) to highlight the distribution and potential impact of multiple disease interventions that geographically coincide in LF endemic areas and which will impact on LF and vice versa. Methodology/Principal findings LF data from the literature and Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) were collated into a database. LF prevalence distributions; predicted prevalence of loiasis; ongoing onchocerciasis community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTi); and long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net (LLIN) distributions for malaria were incorporated into overlay maps using geographical information system (GIS) software. LF was prevalent across most regions of the country. The mean prevalence determined by circulating filarial antigen (CFA) was 14.0% (n = 134 locations), and by microfilaria (Mf) was 8.2% (n = 162 locations). Overall, LF endemic areas geographically coincided with CDTi priority areas, however, LLIN coverage was generally low (<50%) in areas where LF prevalence was high or co-endemic with L. loa. Conclusions/Significance The extensive database and series of maps produced in this study provide an important overview for the LF Programme and will assist to maximize existing interventions, ensuring cost effective use of resources as the programme scales up. Such information is a prerequisite for the LF programme, and will allow for other factors to be included into planning, as well as monitoring and evaluation activities given the broad spectrum impact of the drugs used.

Typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa

Abstract: Salmonella infections in humans can range from self-limiting gastroenteritis typically associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) to typhoidal fever, which can be life-threatening. Salmonellosis causes considerable morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals, and has a significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. In Africa, it is difficult to evaluate the situation of salmonellosis due to the non-availability of facilities capable of performing the tests essential for the diagnosis of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. This article reviews important work in the literature, including the epidemiology, disease burden, pathogenesis, genomics, diagnosis, treatment, emergence and tracking of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella infections and intercontinental transmission of Salmonella to Africa. Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were completed and the retrieved list of relevant publications were further screened. The literature revealed that the most common form of the disease in Africa is gastroenteritis, with bacterial multiplication in intestinal submucosa and diarrhoea caused by the inflammatory response and, perhaps, also by toxins. In addition to the high burden of Salmonella infection in Africa, MDR Salmonella species is on the rise in the continent, which might pose difficulties in the treatment of the disease.

An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch.

Abstract: Reliable quantification of mosquito host—seeking behaviours is required to determine the efficacy of vector control methods. For malaria, the gold standard approach remains the risky human landing catch (HLC). Here compare the performance of an improved prototype of the mosquito electrocuting grid trap (MET) as a safer alternative with HLC for measuring malaria vector behaviour in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Mosquito trapping was conducted at three sites within Dar es Salaam representing a range of urbanicity over a 7-month period (December 2012–July 2013, 168 sampling nights). At each site, sampling was conducted in a block of four houses, with two houses being allocated to HLC and the other to MET on each night of study. Sampling was conducted both indoors and outdoors (from 19:00 to 06:00 each night) at all houses, with trapping method (HLC and MET) being exchanged between pairs of houses at each site using a crossover design. The MET caught significantly more Anopheles gambiae sensu lato than the HLC, both indoors (RR [95 % confidence interval (CI)]) = 1.47 [1.23–1.76], P < 0.0001 and outdoors = 1.38 [1.14–1.67], P < 0.0001). The sensitivity of MET compared with HLC did not detectably change over the course of night for either An. gambiae s.l. (OR [CI]) = 1.01 [0.94–1.02], P = 0.27) or Culex spp. (OR [CI]) = 0.99 [0.99–1.0], P = 0.17) indoors and declined only slightly outdoors: An. gambiae s.l. (OR [CI]) = 0.92 [0.86–0.99], P = 0.04), and Culex spp. (OR [CI]) = 0.99 [0.98–0.99], P = 0.03). MET-based estimates of the proportions of mosquitoes caught indoors (P i ) or during sleeping hours (P fl ), as well as the proportion of human exposure to bites that would otherwise occurs indoors (π i ), were statistically indistinguishable from those based on HLC for An. gambiae s.l. (P = 0.43, 0.07 and 0.48, respectively) and Culex spp. (P = 0.76, 0.24 and 0.55, respectively). This improved MET prototype is highly sensitive tool that accurately quantifies epidemiologically-relevant metrics of mosquito biting densities, behaviours and human exposure distribution.