Eri M Govrin

Bio: Eri M Govrin is an academic researcher from Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The author has contributed to research in topics: Hypersensitive response & Botrytis cinerea. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 4 publications receiving 1271 citations.

Infection of Arabidopsis with a necrotrophic pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, elicits various defense responses but does not induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

Abstract: Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific necrotrophic pathogen that attacks more than 200 plant species. In contrast to biotrophs, the necrotrophs obtain their nutrients by first killing the host cells. Many studies have shown that infection of plants by necrosis-causing pathogens induces a systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides protection against successive infections by a range of pathogenic organisms. We analyzed the role of SAR in B. cinerea infection of Arabidopsis. We show that although B. cinerea induced necrotic lesions and camalexin biosynthesis, it did not induce SAR-mediated protection against virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae, or against subsequent B. cinerea infections. Induction of SAR with avirulent P. syringae or by chemical treatment with salicylic acid (SA) or benzothiadiazole also failed to inhibit B. cinerea growth, although removal of basal SA accumulation by expression of a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (NahG) gene or by infiltration of 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid, an inhibitor of phenylpropanoid pathway, increased B. cinerea disease symptoms. In addition, we show that B. cinerea induced expression of genes associated with SAR, general stress and ethylene/jasmonate-mediated defense pathways. Thus, B. cinerea does not induce SAR nor is it affected by SAR, making it a rare example of a necrogenic pathogen that does not cause SAR.

An Elicitor from Botrytis cinerea Induces the Hypersensitive Response in Arabidopsis thaliana and Other Plants and Promotes the Gray Mold Disease.

Abstract: Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that infects over 200 plant species. Previous studies showed that host cells collapse in advance of the hyphae, suggesting secretion of toxins or elicitors. We have partially characterized elicitor activity from intercellular fluid extracted from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected with B. cinerea. Treatment of intact leaves or cell cultures with either intercellular fluid from infected leaves or medium from inoculated A. thaliana cell culture induced generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in reduced photosynthesis, electrolyte leakage, and necrotic lesions that resembled the hypersensitive response (HR). The necrosis was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, and by chelating free iron, suggesting the involvement of hydroxyl radicals. The necrosis was also suppressed in dnd1 mutants that are compromised in HR. In contrast, increased cell death was observed in acd2 mutants, indicating the involvement of the host defense signaling pathways. Treatment with the intercellular fluid from infected leaves also induced transcription of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, such as PR-1, PR-5, HSR203J, and of senescence-associated gene SAG-13. Moreover, rapid transcription of the ethylene-dependent AtEBP gene was detected, indicating induction of ethylene production. The inter-cellular fluid from infected A. thaliana induced cell death in other plants, in line with the lack of B. cinerea specificity. In summary, the intercellular fluid mimicked a range of molecular and physiological host responses that are observed during infection with a live fungus. Moreover, it accelerated the B. cinerea infection, suggesting that the elicitor may act as a pathogenicity factor in the progression of gray mold disease.

Contrasting Mechanisms of Defense Against Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens

Abstract: It has been suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to programmed cell death in the host, and to associated activation of defense responses regulated by the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. In contrast, necrotrophic pathogens benefit from host cell death, so they are not limited by cell death and salicylic acid-dependent defenses, but rather by a different set of defense responses activated by jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling. This review summarizes results from Arabidopsis-pathogen systems regarding the contributions of various defense responses to resistance to several biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. While the model above seems generally correct, there are exceptions and additional complexities.

Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Response to Pathogens

Abstract: The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), via consumption of oxygen in a so-called oxidative burst, is one of the earliest cellular responses following successful pathogen recognition. Apoplastic generation of superoxide (O2−), or its dismutation product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), has been

Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould disease

Abstract: Introduction: Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) is an airborne plant pathogen with a necrotrophic lifestyle attacking over 200 crop hosts worldwide. Although there are fungicides for its control, many classes of fungicides have failed due to its genetic plasticity. It has become an important model for molecular study of necrotrophic fungi. Taxonomy: Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, subphylum: Pezizomycotina, class: Leotiomycetes, order: Helotiales, family: Sclerotiniaceae, genus: Botryotinia. Host range and symptoms: Over 200 mainly dicotyledonous plant species, including important protein, oil, fibre and horticultural crops, are affected in temperate and subtropical regions. It can cause soft rotting of all aerial plant parts, and rotting of vegetables, fruits and flowers post-harvest to produce prolific grey conidiophores and (macro)conidia typical of the disease. Pathogenicity: B. cinerea produces a range of cell-wall-degrading enzymes, toxins and other low-molecular-weight compounds such as oxalic acid. New evidence suggests that the pathogen triggers the host to induce programmed cell death as an attack strategy. Resistance: There are few examples of robust genetic host resistance, but recent work has identified quantitative trait loci in tomato that offer new approaches for stable polygenic resistance in future.

The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield

Abstract: Disease resistance strategies are powerful approaches to sustainable agriculture because they reduce chemical input into the environment. Recently, Piriformospora indica, a plant-root-colonizing basidiomycete fungus, has been discovered in the Indian Thar desert and was shown to provide strong growth-promoting activity during its symbiosis with a broad spectrum of plants [Verma, S. et al. (1998) Mycologia 90, 896-903]. Here, we report on the potential of P. indica to induce resistance to fungal diseases and tolerance to salt stress in the monocotyledonous plant barley. The beneficial effect on the defense status is detected in distal leaves, demonstrating a systemic induction of resistance by a root-endophytic fungus. The systemically altered “defense readiness” is associated with an elevated antioxidative capacity due to an activation of the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and results in an overall increase in grain yield. Because P. indica can be easily propagated in the absence of a host plant, we conclude that the fungus could be exploited to increase disease resistance and yield in crop plants.

Programmed cell death, mitochondria and the plant hypersensitive response

Abstract: The plant response to attempted infection by microbial pathogens is often accompanied by rapid cell death in and around the initial infection site, a reaction known as the hypersensitive response. This response is associated with restricted pathogen growth and represents a form of programmed cell death (PCD). Recent pharmacological and molecular studies have provided functional evidence for the conservation of some of the basic regulatory mechanisms underlying the response to pathogens and the activation of PCD in animal and plant systems. In animals, the mitochondrion integrates diverse cellular stress signals and initiates the death execution pathway, and studies indicate a similar involvement for mitochondria in regulating PCD in plants. But many of the cell-death regulators that have been characterized in humans, worms and flies are absent from the Arabidopsis genome, indicating that plants probably use other regulators to control this process.