Author
Eric A. Silk
Bio: Eric A. Silk is an academic researcher from Goddard Space Flight Center. The author has contributed to research in topics: Heat flux & Heat transfer. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 24 publications receiving 495 citations.
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of enhanced surfaces and spray inclination angle (the angle between the surface normal and the axis of symmetry of the spray) on heat transfer during spray cooling were studied.
199 citations
TL;DR: A discussion of the current status of spray cooling technology as well as NASA's goals, current direction, and challenges associated with the implementation and practice of this technology in the micro-gravity environment is provided in this article.
138 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of enhanced surfaces on heat transfer during spray cooling were evaluated on a 2x2 nozzle array with PF-5060 as the working fluid, and the results showed that the straight fins had the largest enhancement in heat flow.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to study the effects of enhanced surfaces on heat transfer during spray cooling. The surface enhancements consisted of cubic pin fins, pyramids, and straight fins (uniform cross sectional straight fins) machined on the top surface of copper heater blocks. Each had a cross-sectional area of 2.0 square cm. Measurements were also obtained on a heater block with a flat surface for baseline comparison purposes. A 2x2 nozzle array was used with PF-5060 as the working fluid. Thermal performance data was obtained under nominally degassed (chamber pressure of 41.4 kPa ) and gassy conditions (chamber with N2 gas at 101 kPa). The results show that the straight fins had the largest enhancement in heat flow. Critical heat flux (CHF) for this surface showed an increase of 55% in comparison to the flat surface for the nominally degassed condition. The cubic pin finned and pyramid surfaces provided slightly more than half the heat flux enhancement (30% - 40% greater than the flat surface) of the straight fins. The gassy case showed that the straight fins again provided the largest enhancement (48%) in CHF relative to the flat surface. This was followed by the cubic pin fins, and pyramids which had increases of 31% and 18% respectively. No significant effect was observed in the surface temperature at which CHF occurs for either portion of the study.
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated heat flux performance for a prototype wick structure fabricated from compressed carbon foam when used with a Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) containing a fractal-based evaporator design.
21 citations
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of spray trajectory angles on heat flux for flat and enhanced surface spray cooling were studied. And the results showed that trajectory angles applied to straight finned surfaces can have a critical heat flux (CHF) enhancement as much as 75% (heat flux value of 140 W/sq cm) relative to the vertical spray orientation for the analogous flat surface case under nominally degassed conditions.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to study the effects of spray trajectory angles upon heat flux for flat and enhanced surface spray cooling. The surface enhancement consisted of straight fins machined on the top surface of a copper heater block. Spray cooling curves were obtained with the straight fin surface aligned both parallel (axial) and perpendicular (transverse) to the spray axis. Measurements were also obtained on a flat surface heater block for comparison purposes. Each copper block had a cross-sectional area of 2.0 sq cm. A 2x2 nozzle array was used with PF-5060 as the working fluid. Thermal performance data was obtained under nominally degassed (chamber pressure of 41.4 kPa) conditions. Results show that the maximum CHF in all cases was attained for a trajectory angle of 30' from the surface normal. Furthermore, trajectory angles applied to straight finned surfaces can have a critical heat flux (CHF) enhancement as much as 75% (heat flux value of 140 W/sq cm) relative to the vertical spray orientation for the analogous flat surface case under nominally degassed conditions.
19 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an introduction to spray cooling for electronic cooling applications, review some proposed spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms, and summarizes the data regarding the effects of non-condensable gas, surface enhancement, spray inclination, and gravity.
751 citations
674 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the advances in the state of the art considering the relationships between the properties of functional surfaces, their applications and the technologies to engineer surfaces, and their applications in many advanced fields, such as: electronics, information technology, energy, optics, tribology, biology and biomimetics.
593 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of spray cooling is presented, focusing on the relatively high-flux, low-temperature mechanisms and predictive tools associated with the single-phase liquid cooling and nucleate boiling regimes, as well as critical heat flux (CHF).
346 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion of the possible applications of flow boiling in microchannels in order to highlight the challenges in the thermal management for each application is presented. But, several fundamental issues are still not understood and this hinders the transition from laboratory research to commercial applications.
325 citations