Erik Malmqvist

Bio: Erik Malmqvist is an academic researcher from University of Gothenburg. The author has contributed to research in topics: Argument & Medical ethics. The author has an hindex of 11, co-authored 36 publications receiving 263 citations. Previous affiliations of Erik Malmqvist include Linköping University & Gazeta Tema.

Cultural Norms, the Phenomenology of Incorporation, and the Experience of Having a Child Born with Ambiguous Sex

Abstract: Cultural Norms, the Phenomenology of Incorporation and the Experience of Having a Child Born with Ambiguous Sex.

“Paid to Endure”: Paid Research Participation, Passivity, and the Goods of Work

Abstract: A growing literature documents the existence of individuals who make a living by participating in phase I clinical trials for money. Several scholars have noted that the concerns about risks, conse...

The ethics of implementing human papillomavirus vaccination in developed countries.

Abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the world’s most common sexually transmitted infection. It is a prerequisite for cervical cancer, the second most common cause of death in cancer among women worldwide, and is also believed to cause other anogenital and head and neck cancers. Vaccines that protect against the most common cancer-causing HPV types have recently become available, and different countries have taken different approaches to implementing vaccination. This paper examines the ethics of alternative HPV vaccination strategies. It devotes particular attention to the major arguments for and against one strategy: voluntary, publicly funded vaccination for all adolescent boys and girls. This approach seems attractive because it would protect more people against cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers than less inclusive alternatives, without the sacrifice of autonomy that a comparably broad compulsory programme would require. Also, the herd immunity that it would likely generate would protect those who remain unvaccinated, a major advantage from a justice perspective. However, there is a possibility that a HPV vaccination programme targeting all adolescents of both sexes is not considered sufficiently cost-effective. Also, it might pose more difficulties for achieving informed consent than comparable vaccination programmes against other diseases. Ultimately, society’s choice of HPV vaccination strategy requires careful consideration not only of the values at stake but also of available and emerging scientific evidence.

Early stopping of clinical trials: charting the ethical terrain.

Abstract: The decision to terminate a clinical trial earlier than planned is often described as ethically problematic, but it is rarely systematically analyzed as an ethical issue in its own right. This paper provides an overview of the main ethical considerations at stake in such decisions and of the main tensions between these considerations. Arguments about informed consent and the impact of early stopping on research and society are explored. We devote particular attention to a familiar conflict that arises with special urgency when early data suggest that the experimental treatment is superior. Should the trial be stopped so that participants in the control group will not be allocated a seemingly inferior treatment, or should it continue in pursuit of evidence conclusive enough to improve the care of future patients? We scrutinize three ways to address this problem. Rather than dissolving the tension, they represent different trade-offs between the respective welfare interests of subjects and future patients.

Sustainability principle for the ethics of healthcare resource allocation.

Abstract: We propose a principle of sustainability to complement established principles used for justifying healthcare resource allocation. We argue that the application of established principles of equal treatment, need, prognosis and cost-effectiveness gives rise to what we call negative dynamics: a gradual depletion of the value possible to generate through healthcare. These principles should therefore be complemented by a sustainability principle, making the prospect of negative dynamics a further factor to consider, and possibly outweigh considerations highlighted by the other principles. We demonstrate how this principle may take different forms, and show that a commitment to sustainability is supported by considerations internal to the ethical principles already guiding healthcare resource allocation. We also consider two objections. The first of these, we argue, is either based on implausible assumptions or begs the question, whereas the second can be adequately accommodated by the principle we propose.

The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy

Abstract: Professor Titmuss, an eminent English social theorist, believes that man is inherently altruistic and that the duty of government is to create that social and economic climate which best channels man's drive to work together for the common good. In support of this belief, he has written a book about the procurement, distribution, and transfusion of human blood, a medical topic which he employs as an illustrative social and economic microcosm. The conclusion he reaches is foregone: "The voluntary socialized system in Britain is economically, professionally, administratively and qualitatively more efficient than the mixed, commercialized, and individualistic American system" (Titmuss, R.M: "Why Give to Strangers?" Lancet 1 :123-125, 1971). As the book was written with a bias, so will it be read with bias. My own bias is that of an American and a blood-banker. I am only too conscious of many deficiencies in the American complex of arrangements—it isn't

Women and Human Development.

Abstract: Women and Human Development. Martha C. Nussbaum. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 303 pp.

将exploitation译成“剥削”质疑

Abstract: 英文EXPLOITATION与汉语的“剥削”不能构成互相对译的词汇。EXPLOITATION在英语中的原意是开发、开拓、利用；“剥削”在汉语中解释为“搜刮民财，荼毒天下”。这两个词原始语义不同，词汇的褒贬含义不同，所代表的善恶是非观念界限不同，作为一种社会现象和行为，其合法性和社会后果不同，在未来社会发展进程中的前景和结局不同。当今中国社会所存在的“剥削”是封建社会腐朽的官民关系的残余。EXPLOITATION如果以人为对象客体，则应该译成汉语的“人力资源开发利用”。

Unsuccessful trial accrual and human subjects protections: An empirical analysis of recently closed trials:

Abstract: BackgroundEthical evaluation of risk–benefit in clinical trials is premised on the achievability of resolving research questions motivating an investigation.ObjectiveTo determine the fraction and n...