Esra Karadeniz

Bio: Esra Karadeniz is an academic researcher from Yeditepe University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Entrepreneurship & Human capital. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 11 publications receiving 221 citations.

What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey

Abstract: Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women, including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative importance of three types of capital – human, family and financial – in pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings sug...

Entrepreneurship in Turkey and Developing Countries: a Comparison of Activities, Characteristics, Motivation and Environment for Entrepreneurship

Abstract: The aim of the current study is to explore the entrepreneurial activities in Turkey through determining some demographic characteristics, personal perceptions and motivations of Turkish entrepreneurs in addition to the environment for entrepreneurship, and to highlight Turkey’s entrepreneurial position internationally.One of the key findings is that the early-stage entrepreneurial activities in Turkey is much lower than those that take place in other developing countries, whereas, the number of established business entrepreneurs are relatively higher. Moreover, we found that the lack of financial support, inadequate government programs that provide knowledge on technology and tax incentives, and insufficient intellectual property rights are some of the important obstacles encountered by entrepreneurs in Turkey, more than those in the other countries. On the other hand, there are favourable entrepreneurial environmental conditions determined in this study that are promising in two aspects: the positive attitudes of people towards entrepreneurship and the existence of the market openness to rapid change.

The determinants of the growth expectations of the early-stage entrepreneurs (TEA) using the ordinal logistic model (OLM): the case of Turkey

Abstract: This study uses the Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM) to analyze the determinants of the growth expectations of total early-stage entrepreneurship activity (TEA) expressed in terms of new jobs to be created within their firms in four categories. Specifically, given the increasing importance of entrepreneurship in job creation, innovation and economic growth, we try to inquire into the question of why some of the new entrepreneurs and not the others expect a rapid development of their ventures. The data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for the years 2006-2008 for Turkey were employed. Our findings indicate that the personal characteristics of the early-stage Turkish entrepreneurs such as gender, education and household income, in addition to their motivation and current size of their businesses are important factors in resolving the prevalence of high-expectation new firms. Moreover, some scenarios particular to some sub-groups or population cells of Turkish developing entrepreneurs which may create the bulk of high-expectation entrepreneurial pursuit were conducted using OLM. As far as the policy implications are concerned, the availability and access of capital funding to early-stage entrepreneurs and an education system more relevant to today’s competitive world might both contribute better to Turkish economy’s prosperity, and seems to be very important for policy considerations.

Investigating the Factors Affecting Total Entrepreneurial Activities in Turkey

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of demographic characteristics of individuals (age, gender, income level, education level, and work status) and their perceptions about themselves (networking, fear of failure, alertness to opportunities, self-confidence) on their involvement to the total entrepreneurial activities of Turkey. Data are collected through using the standard questionnaire of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project. The results show that being male, having higher income and education level, being self-confident, being alert to opportunities, and networking positively affect the likelihood of being an entrepreneur. However, contradictory to the literature and our expectations , fear of failure is not found to be a significant factor that influences the likelihood of being involved in the total entrepreneurial activities of Turkey

Entrepreneurial Activities in Turkey: An International Comparison Using GEM Data*

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the entrepreneurial activities in Turkey and determine Turkey’s entrepreneurial position globally. Data is collected through the standard survey of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project. The results indicate a low participation rate among women and young people in the entrepreneurial activities and a low level of entrepreneurial dynamism in the economy. Further, a lack of financial support, inadequate government policies providing knowledge on technology and tax incentives, and insufficient intellectual property rights are some of the important obstacles encountered by entrepreneurs in Turkey compared to those in some developing and developed countries.

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

Abstract: The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Economy and Society

Abstract: The four Visegrad states — Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia (until 1993 Czechoslovakia) and Hungary — form a compact area between Germany and Austria in the west and the states of the former USSR in the east. They are bounded by the Baltic in the north and the Danube river in the south. They are cut by the Sudeten and Carpathian mountain ranges, which divide Poland off from the other states. Poland is an extension of the North European plain and like the latter is drained by rivers that flow from south to north west — the Oder, the Vlatava and the Elbe, the Vistula and the Bug. The Danube is the great exception, flowing from its source eastward, turning through two 90-degree turns to end up in the Black Sea, forming the barrier and often the political frontier between central Europe and the Balkans. Hungary to the east of the Danube is also an open plain. The region is historically and culturally part of western Europe, but its eastern Marches now represents a vital strategic zone between Germany and the core of the European Union to the west and the Russian zone to the east.

Education at a Glance

Abstract: A detailed review of the education sector in Australia as in the data provided by the 2006 edition of the OECD's annual publication, 'Education at a Glance' is presented. While the data has shown that in almost all OECD countries educational attainment levels are on the rise, with countries showing impressive gains in university qualifications, it also reveals that a large of share of young people still do not complete secondary school, which remains a baseline for successful entry into the labour market.

The Achieving Society

Abstract: Examines the motivation for achievement as a psychological factor that shapes economic development. Refuting arguments based on race, climate, or population growth, the book instead argues for cultural customs and motivations - especially the motivation for achievement - as the major catalysts of economic growth. Considering the Protestant Reformation, the rise of capitalism, parents' influences on sons, and folklore and children's stories as shaping cultural motivations for achievement, the book hypothesizes that a high level of achievement motivation precedes economic growth. This is supported through qualitative analysis of the achievement motive, as well as of other psychological factors - including entrepreneurial behavior and characteristics, and available sources of achievement in past and present highly achieving societies. It is the achievement motive - and not merely the profit motive or the desire for material gain - that has advanced societies economically. Consequently, individuals are not merely products of their environment, as many social scientists have asserted, but also creators of the environment, as they manipulate it in various ways in the search for achievement. Finally, a plan is hypothesized to accelerate economic growth in developing countries, by encouraging and supplementing their achievement motives through mobilizing the greater achievement resources of developed countries. The conclusion is not just that motivations shape economic progress, but that current influences on future people's motivations and values will determine economic growth in the long run. Thus, it is most beneficial for a society to concentrate its resources on creating an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and a strong ideological base for achievement. (CJC)