Eustáquio Roberto Apolinário

Bio: Eustáquio Roberto Apolinário is an academic researcher from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. The author has contributed to research in topics: Welding & Gas tungsten arc welding. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 4 publications receiving 202 citations.

Effect of flux density and the presence of additives in ATIG welding of austenitic stainless steel

Abstract: Active flux TIG (ATIG) welding is a simple variant of the conventional TIG process that allows increased penetration of the weld and enables welding in one pass, with total penetration and without chamfer opening, for joints with thicknesses of 5 mm or more. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this effect, with emphasis on contraction of the arc due to the presence of negative ions and alteration in the movement of liquid metal in the weld pool, associated with variations of surface tension as a function of temperature. This study evaluates the effect of the amount of one flux of one component (Cr2O3) placed on the surface of the work piece, and the additions of KClO4 and Al2O3, on the shape of the weld bead. Three sets of bead-on-plate weld tests were performed on 5-mm-thick ABNT 304 stainless steel plates. In the first set, the amount of flux used varied; in the second set, the effect of the additions of KClO4 was studied; and in the third, Al2O3. Electric current and voltage were measure...

Efeito da densidade do fluxo e da presença de aditivos na soldagem ATIG de aço inoxidável austenítico

Abstract: Active flux TIG (ATIG) welding is a simple variant of conventional TIG welding that allows a major improvement in weld bead penetration. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of flux. The most accepted ones consider the arc contraction by negative ions vaporized from the flux and liquid metal flow alterations in the weld pool caused by changes the surface tension values. This paper evaluates the effect of one component (Cr2O3) flux concentration and additions of KClO4 and Al2O3 on ATIG welding bead shape. Three sets of bead-on-plate weld tests were performed on 5 mm thick AISI 304 steel plates. Electric current and voltage were measured during each welding trial and the resulting bead geometry was evaluated in cross sections of the weld. Results indicated only minor variations in voltage during the transition from TIG to ATIG welding. Surface flux concentration affected weld bead penetration, and maximum penetration was obtained with flux densities between 15 and 60 g/m2. On the other hand, the addition of KCLO4, despite this being a strong oxidizer, reduced weld penetration. A similar effect was linked to additions of Al2O3 to the flux.

Efeito da Densidade do Fluxo e da presença de aditivos na Soldagem ATIG de Aço Inoxidável Austenítico (Effect of Flux Density and Addictive Presence on ATIG Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel)

Abstract: Active flux TIG (ATIG) welding is a simple variant of conventional TIG welding that allows a major improvement in weld bead penetration. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of flux. The most accepted ones consider the arc contraction by negative ions vaporized from the flux and liquid metal flow alterations in the weld pool caused by changes the surface tension values. This paper evaluates the effect of one component (Cr 2 O 3 ) flux concentration and additions of KClO 4 and Al 2 O 3 on ATIG welding bead shape. Three sets of bead-on-plate weld tests were performed on 5 mm thick AISI 304 steel plates. Electric current and voltage were measured during each welding trial and the resulting bead geometry was evaluated in cross sections of the weld. Results indicated only minor variations in voltage during the transition from TIG to ATIG welding. Surface flux concentration affected weld bead penetration, and maximum penetration was obtained with flux densities between 15 and 60 g/m 2 . On the other hand, the addition of KCLO 4 , despite this being a strong oxidizer, reduced weld penetration. A similar effect was linked to additions of Al 2 O 3 to the flux.

Development of an advanced A-TIG (AA-TIG) welding method by control of Marangoni convection

Abstract: A new type of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding has been developed, in which an ultra-deep penetration is obtained. In order to control the Marangoni convection induced by the surface tension gradient on the molten pool, He gas containing a small amount of oxidizing gas was used. The effect of the concentration Of O-2 and CO2 in the shielding gas on the weld shape was studied for the bead-on-plate TIG welding of SUS304 stainless under He-O-2 and He-CO2 mixed shielding gases. Because oxygen is a surface active element for stainless steel, the addition of oxygen to the molten pool can control the Marangoni convection from the outward to inward direction on the liquid pool surface. When the oxygen content in the liquid pool is over a critical value, around 70ppm, the weld shape suddenly changes from a wide shallow shape to a deep narrow shape due to the change in the direction of the Marangoni convection. Also, for He-based shielding gas, a high welding current will strengthen both the inward Marangoni convection on the pool surface and the inward electromagnetic convection in the liquid pool. Accordingly, at a welding speed of 0.75 mm/s, the welding current of 160 A and the electrode gap of I mm under the He-0.4%O-2 shielding, the depth/width ratio reaches 1.8, which is much larger for Ar-O-2 shielding gas (0.7). The effects of the welding parameters, such as welding speed and welding current were also systematically investigated. In addition. a double shielding gas method has been developed to prevent any consumption of the tungsten electrode. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of the Performance of Stainless Steel A-TIG Welds

Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to investigate the effect of oxide fluxes on weld morphology, arc voltage, mechanical properties, angular distortion and hot cracking susceptibility obtained with TIG welding, which applied to the welding of 5 mm thick austenitic stainless steel plates. A novel variant of the autogenous TIG welding process, oxide powders (Al2O3, Cr2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and CaO) was applied on a type 304 stainless steel through a thin layer of the flux to produce a bead on plate welds. The experimental results indicated that the increase in the penetration is significant with the use of Cr2O3, TiO2, and SiO2. A-TIG welding can increase the weld depth to bead-width ratio, and tends to reduce the angular distortion of the weldment. It was also found that A-TIG welding can increase the retained delta-ferrite content of stainless steel 304 welds and, in consequence, the hot-cracking susceptibility of as-welded is reduced. Physically constricting the plasma column and reducing the anode spot are the possible mechanism for the effect of certain flux on A-TIG penetration.

Weld Penetration and Marangoni Convection with Oxide Fluxes in GTA Welding

Abstract: Active flux can modify the fusion zone geometry dramatically in GTA welding (A-TIG). In the present study, in order to investigate the effect of the active flux on the Marangoni convection in the welding pool, bead-on-plate specimens are made on SUS304 stainless steel pre-placed with single active flux, Cu 2 O, NiO, Cr 2 O 3 , SiO 2 and TiO 2 by the GTA process. Weld pool cross-sections and the bead surface morphology are analyzed by optical microscopy after welding. The oxygen content in the weld metal is measured using a HORIBA EMGA-520 Oxygen/Nitrogen Analyzer. The results showed that the depth/width ratio of the weld pool was closely related to the oxygen content in the pool. The oxygen content in the weld metal increases with the quantity of fluxes, Cu 2 O, NiO, Cr 2 O 3 , SiO 2 and TiO 2 . However, for the TiO 2 oxide flux, the highest oxygen content in the weld metal is below 200 ppm. As the oxygen content in the weld metal is in a certain range of 70-300 ppm, the depth/width ratio increases to 1.5 to 2.0 times. Too low or too high oxygen content in the pool does not increase the depth/width ratio. The oxygen from the decomposition of the flux in the welding pool alters the surface tension gradients on the weld pool surface, and hence, changes the Marangoni convection direction and the weld pool penetration depth.