This memorandum describes RTP, the real-time transport protocol. RTP provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as audio, video or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. RTP does not address resource reservation and does not guarantee quality-of-service for real-time services. The data transport is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoring of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks, and to provide minimal control and identification functionality. RTP and RTCP are designed to be independent of the underlying transport and network layers. The protocol supports the use of RTP-level translators and mixers.

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RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

This document describes Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), an application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants. These sessions include Internet telephone calls, multimedia distribution, and multimedia conferences.

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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

We introduce LT codes, the first rateless erasure codes that are very efficient as the data length grows.

LT codes

The Internet has evolved greatly from its original incarnation. For instance, the vast majority of current Internet usage is data retrieval and service access, whereas the architecture was designed around host-to-host applications such as telnet and ftp. Moreover, the original Internet was a purely transparent carrier of packets, but now the various network stakeholders use middleboxes to improve security and accelerate applications. To adapt to these changes, we propose the Data-Oriented Network Architecture (DONA), which involves a clean-slate redesign of Internet naming and name resolution.

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A data-oriented (and beyond) network architecture

We design a content-centric privacy scheme for Information-Centric Networking (ICN). We enhance ICN's ability to support data confidentiality by introducing attribute-based encryption into ICN and making it specific to the data attributes. Our approach is unusual in that it preserves ICN's goal to decouple publishers and subscribers for greater data accessibility, scalable multiparty communication and efficient data distribution. Inspired by application-layer publish-subscribe, we enable fine-grained access control with more expressive policies. Moreover, we propose an attribute-based routing scheme that offers interest confidentiality. A prototype system is implemented based on CCNx, a popular open source version of ICN, to showcase privacy preservation in Smart Neighborhood and Smart City applications.

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Toward content-centric privacy in ICN: attribute-based encryption and routing

With the ever increasing number of connected devices and the over abundance of data generated by these devices, data privacy has become a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT). One promising privacy-preservation approach is Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), a public key encryption scheme that enables fine-grained access control, scalable key management and flexible data distribution. This paper presents an in-depth performance evaluation of ABE that focuses on execution time, data and network overhead, energy consumption, and CPU and memory usage. We evaluate two major types of ABE, Key-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE) and Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE), on different classes of mobile devices including a laptop and a smartphone. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of ABE dedicated solely to its performance. Our results provide insights into important practical issues of ABE, including what computing resources ABE requires in heterogeneous environments, at what cost ABE offers benefits, and under what situations ABE is best suited for use in the IoT.

Performance evaluation of Attribute-Based Encryption: Toward data privacy in the IoT

The Multimedia Conferencing project, a collaborative effort between ISI and BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation, has developed an experimental system for real-time, multisite conferences. The three essential components of the conferencing environment are voice, video, and a shared workspace. The underlying communication model is based on packet-switched voice and video protocols for real-time data, operating in the Internet [8]. Due to high bandwidth requirements, communication is currently possible only over the Wideband Satellite Network (WBnet) [5]. The BBN Diamond/MMCONF system [7][11] provides a shared workspace and is used for the presentation and collaborative editing of mixed media documents. It runs on a Sun workstation along with the multimedia conference control program (MMCC) that establishes conference connections and controls the video cameras and monitor.

A packet-switched multimedia conferencing system

: MMCC, the multimedia conference control program, is a window-based tool for conference management. It serves as an application interface to the ISI/BBN teleconferencing system, where it is used not only to orchestrate multisite conferences, but also to provide local and remote audio and video control, and to interact with other conference-oriented tools that support shared workspaces. The motivation for this paper is to document the design, operation and continued evolution of MMCC. After presenting the context for this work, we provide a discussion of MMCC's peer-to-peer model of communication and an overview of its connection control protocol. Issues are also raised about heterogeneity, robust services, scalability and the impact of conferencing over the Internet. A description of the system's regular use offers insights into the feasibility of the architecture. Finally, future directions for research in multimedia conference control are presented.

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Eve M. Schooler

Papers

SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

Toward content-centric privacy in ICN: attribute-based encryption and routing

Performance evaluation of Attribute-Based Encryption: Toward data privacy in the IoT

A packet-switched multimedia conferencing system

A Distributed Architecture for Multimedia Conference Control