Everett L. Worthington

Bio: Everett L. Worthington is an academic researcher from Virginia Commonwealth University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Forgiveness & Humility. The author has an hindex of 64, co-authored 340 publications receiving 19789 citations. Previous affiliations of Everett L. Worthington include National Institutes of Health & University of Missouri.

The Relationship Between Forgiveness, Bullying, and Cyberbullying in Adolescence: A Systematic Review.

Abstract: The study of bullying in adolescence has received increased attention over the past several decades. A growing body of research highlights the role of forgiveness and its association with aggression. In this article, we systematically review published studies on the association among online and traditional bullying and forgiveness in adolescents. Systematic searches were conducted in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PsycArticles, and Scopus databases. From a total of 1,093 studies, 637 were nonduplicated studies and 18 were eventually included. Together, these studies provided evidence that forgiveness and bullying behaviors are negatively related: Adolescents with higher forgiveness levels bully less. Similarly, forgiveness is negatively related to victimization: Adolescents with higher forgiveness show less victimization. Unforgiveness was positively related to traditional and online bullying. This relationship appears to be consistent beyond types of bullying, certain background characteristics, and forgiveness measures. These findings are discussed, and clinical implications and guidelines for future research are presented.

Forgiveness in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Abstract: Objective This pilot study evaluated a manualized group forgiveness module within dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Method The study utilized a quasi-experimental double pretest design with adults (N = 40; 88.1% female, 11.9% male) diagnosed with borderline personality disorder in outpatient DBT. Measures of forgiveness, attachment, and psychiatric symptoms were completed at 4 time points. Results Participants showed increases in all measures of forgiveness and decreases in attachment insecurity and psychiatric symptoms during the forgiveness module and maintained to the 6-week follow-up. These effects were not observed during the prior distress tolerance module. Latent change score modeling showed reductions in anxious attachment mediated the effect of changes in benevolent motivations to forgive and trait forgiveness scores on reductions in psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions Effect sizes were similar to meta-analytic findings on (a) forgiveness interventions and (b) reductions in psychiatric symptoms in DBT. Participant feedback suggested elements for further development. A randomized controlled trial is needed.

Unresolved Injustice: Christian Religious Commitment, Forgiveness, Revenge, and Cardiovascular Responding

Abstract: We examined the religious commitment levels of 57 (27 M, 30 F) self-identified Christian young adults in the context of considering an unresolved injustice. "Religious commitment was unrelated to self-reported dispositional anger, but positively associated with higher dispositional interpersonal forgiveness and lower rumination. When imagining a property crime and its unresolved aftermath, greater religious commitment was associated with the inhibition of revenge-seeking and cultivation of empathy and forgiveness (dependent on measurement timing). Greater religious commitment was also associated with higher blood pressure reactivity in the aftermath of the unresolved crime. Limitations of this exploratory study are addressed, along with possible interpretations, which might inform follow-up studies. The present study investigated religious commitment in relationship to trait rumination, anger, and forgiveness in self identified Christian young adulte. These self-identified Christians then imagined being victims of a clear-cut injustice. Against the backdrop of their trait responses, we sought to determine answers to several questions. Is greater religious commitment associated with lower revenge-seeking motivation? Does greater religious commitment correspond with more empathic and forgiving responses? Does greater Christian commitment correlate with calmer or more reactive cardiovascular responses in the face of an unresolved injustice? The cur rent investigation examines these issues using a combination of questionnaire and psychophysiological methods. The interpretation of findings will relate to two main areas of empirical research: the religious correlates and the affective and physiological correlates of forgiveness. Review of Religion and Forgiveness-Related Findings Given the role forgiveness plays in major religions (Rye et al., 2000) and especially in Christianity (Marly, 1998), the relationship between forgiveness and religion is garnering research attention. Self reports of religiousness have been consistently related to higher self-reported levels of forgiveness (McCullough, Bono, & Root, 2005; Tsang, McCullough, & Hoyt, 2005). Recent research has linked intrinsic religious motivation with lower scores on self-reported vengefulness and extrinsic religious motivation to higher vengefulness, also suggesting that some aspects of traditional religiousness may be associated with behavioral retaliation (Greer, Herman, Varan, Bobrycki, & Watson, 2005). Religious beliefs and values shape people's understanding of what forgiveness means and requires (Mahoney, Rye, & Pargament, 2005). On a broad scale, people who self-identify as religious-rather than "spiritual"-consistently score on self-report measures as [saving more forgiving personalities than those who self-identify as spiritual-rather than "religious" (DeShea. Tzou, Kang, & Matsiiyuki, 2006). However, other research has found that participants who endorse belief in God and the Bible have shown greater aggression-via administering loud noise through a competitor's headphones after read irig a violent text said to corne from the Bible versus an ancient scroll (Bushman, Ridge, Das, Key, & Busath, 2007). in comparing religions, Cohen, Malka, Rozm, and Cherfas (2006) found that Protestant Chris dans and Jews differed in their understanding of and approaches to forgiveness. Protestant Christians were less likely to believe that some offenses are unforgivable. Another measure of religiosity is religious commitment. Religiosity is distinct from religious motivation, religious beliefs, religious values, and spirituality. "Without attempting to make absolute distinctions in the categories of religiosity, we can make some observations. Religious commitment is adherence to specific beliefs and values that are motivated by intrinsic and/or extrinsic religious motives, but religious commitment, is also a determination to integrate one's religiosity into daily life. …

Guidelines and standards for the study of death and recalled experiences of death––a multidisciplinary consensus statement and proposed future directions

Abstract: An inadvertent consequence of advances in stem cell research, neuroscience, and resuscitation science has been to enable scientific insights regarding what happens to the human brain in relation to death. The scientific exploration of death is in large part possible due to the recognition that brain cells are more resilient to the effects of anoxia than assumed. Hence, brain cells become irreversibly damaged and “die” over hours to days postmortem. Resuscitation science has enabled life to be restored to millions of people after their hearts had stopped. These survivors have described a unique set of recollections in relation to death that appear universal. We review the literature, with a focus on death, the recalled experiences in relation to cardiac arrest, post–intensive care syndrome, and related phenomena that provide insights into potential mechanisms, ethical implications, and methodologic considerations for systematic investigation. We also identify issues and controversies related to the study of consciousness and the recalled experience of cardiac arrest and death in subjects who have been in a coma, with a view to standardize and facilitate future research.

Using Multivariate Statistics

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In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

Medscape

Abstract: Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.

Abstract: This meta-analysis reviews 208 laboratory studies of acute psychological stressors and tests a theoretical model delineating conditions capable of eliciting cortisol responses. Psychological stressors increased cortisol levels; however, effects varied widely across tasks. Consistent with the theoretical model, motivated performance tasks elicited cortisol responses if they were uncontrollable or characterized by social-evaluative threat (task performance could be negatively judged by others), when methodological factors and other stressor characteristics were controlled for. Tasks containing both uncontrollable and social-evaluative elements were associated with the largest cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone changes and the longest times to recovery. These findings are consistent with the animal literature on the physiological effects of uncontrollable social threat and contradict the belief that cortisol is responsive to all types of stressors.