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Everett L. Worthington

Bio: Everett L. Worthington is an academic researcher from Virginia Commonwealth University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Forgiveness & Humility. The author has an hindex of 64, co-authored 340 publications receiving 19789 citations. Previous affiliations of Everett L. Worthington include National Institutes of Health & University of Missouri.


Papers
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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In the concluding chapter of as mentioned in this paper, the authors consider the emergent themes arising from different research teams and also focus on the key questions we identified at the outset, and examine both commonalities and differences in how forgiveness is defined.
Abstract: In the concluding chapter of this book, we consider the emergent themes arising from the different research teams and also focus on the key questions we identified at the outset. As such, we examine both commonalities and differences in how forgiveness is defined. We observe that there is considerable agreement about the multidimensional nature of forgiveness but that some dimensions have less well developed research bases than do others. We note that the stress-and-coping model of forgiveness is a commonly used conceptual framework from which to organize and guide continuing research in the area of forgiveness and health. Other useful models are developed throughout the book, and we offer a reciprocal-effects forgiveness-intersections model as a flexible model for the area. We conclude with items we believe are important for research agendas of investigators moving forward in the study of forgiveness and health.

9 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: The hope-focused approach (HFA) to couple therapy (HFCT) and enrichment (HFCE) provides Christian practitioners with theory and techniques for helping couples as mentioned in this paper. But the HFA is accommodative to counseling techniques drawn from popular secular couple therapies.
Abstract: We describe the research, practice, and biblical and theoretical bases for the hope-focused approach (HFA) to couple therapy and enrichment. We discuss the development of HFA as well as recent advances in theory and research. We describe the process of the HFA and illustrate hope-focused couple therapy in practice by including three excerpts from counseling sessions. The first excerpt illustrates a feedback session. The second demonstrates a communication technique, using the TANGO acrostic. The third illustrates an interactive exercise about emotional intimacy. Finally, in response to popular demand for training in HFA, we describe training materials that are available for practitioners. The hope-focused approach (HFA) to couple therapy (HFCT) and enrichment (HFCE) provide Christian practitioners with theory and techniques for helping couples. The HFA is accommodative to counseling techniques drawn from popular secular couple therapies. Its theme and perspective is thoroughly Christian. Its theoretical framework provides scaffolding that practitioners can use to understand how their own couple interventions can work together to provide couples with coherent treatment. HFCE is grounded in research. In fact, Jakubowski, Milne, Brunner, and Miller (2004) deemed HFCE one of four empirically supported couple enrichment interventions in the United States. The theory and Scriptural bases for HFCE focus on prevention and enrichment rather than remediation. Although HFCE can be done in psycho educational groups (see Ripley & Worthington, 2002), it usually is done individually with a couple and marriage consultant. In such a setting, HFCE resembles HFCT in the techniques used, though it is less focused on problem-solving. HFCT is traditionally remediative. HFA continues to evolve as a result of feedback from clinical practice and research findings. Recent theoretical modifications emphasize strengthening and restoring damaged emotional bonds. Attachment theory has been increasingly incorporated into the theoretical conceptualization of HFA. As a growing number of practitioners employ HFA with couples, modifications in theory and additions of techniques that fit under the hope-focused umbrella have accumulated. An increasing research base has also informed which techniques and strategies actually work with couples. Origin of Hope-Focused Couple Interventions in Clinical Practice HFA is founded on the belief that hope is at the core of the Christian experience. Christ in us is indeed the hope of glory (Col 1:27). Lack of hope creates a crisis of faith. In the most dire situations in Scripture (Job, Psalms, the prophets in exile, the persecuted early church), the theme of hope is central. The book of Job has 18 references to hope culminating in the highlighted verse, "Though he slay me, still I hope in him" (Job 13:15). Hope is one of the three most emphasized aspects of Christian character (1 Corinthians 13:13). Hope is also central within a marriage. When couples have good relationships, it is usually because hope helps them avoid or transcend relationship struggles and maintain a vibrant growing relationship. If they experience relationship difficulties, usually their hope has eroded. Hope can diminish for couples in three ways. They might not see the ways that a good relationship can be restored (i.e., waypower). They might have lost a sense of agency (i.e., willpower). Or they might have lost the will to persevere in their troubles until the marriage can be turned around (i.e., waitpower). Couples learn a strategy for promoting change in HFA (see Worthington & McMurry, 1994)-faith working through love (Gal 5:6). Partners need love. They must work to manifest love. They need faith to motivate work. Faith has multiple objects-faith in God's restorative power, in each other, in the possibility of change, and in the therapist as a capable helper. HFA was founded upon a theology that values the marriage relationship and promotes mutual submission in love of husband and wife (see Eph 5: 25-33). …

9 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that the Pentecostal-Charismatic spirituality significantly contributed to explaining compassionate benevolence, when operationally defined by measures of compassion and forgiveness.
Abstract: Love of God and one's neighbor is a virtue that is at the center of Christianity (Luke 10:27). Recent theorists have explored the potential link between love of God and benevolence toward people in a model identified as godly love (e.g., Exline, 2012; Poloma, 2012). Using available measures of spirituality and one constructed measure of Pentecostal-Charismatic spirituality, we found support for the godly love model in a Pentecostal sample. Based on the results of hierarchical multiple regression, love of God, viewed as attachment to God, religiosity and hope, significantly explained benevolence, or neighborly love, when operationally defined by measures of compassion and forgiveness. In addition, an index of Pentecostal-Charismatic spirituality significantly contributed to explaining compassionate benevolence beyond that accounted for by other variables.Most of the world's seven billion inhabitants express religious or spiritual beliefs. The vagueness of the religious-spiritual construct has been addressed by many, leading to a vague notion that people speak of the sacred and often engage in worship-like activities or rituals they associate with the sacred. Many people identify with one of the world's large religious groups such as the monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, or Islam, or those associated with Asia such as Hinduism and Buddhism. There are of course many other organized sets of beliefs and even more subgroups. In this present study, we examine the spirituality of Christians attending an American Midwestern university affiliated with a Pentecostal fellowship.Perhaps more important than concerns about what it means to be religious or spiritual, is an interest in how the faithful express what it means to be deeply spiritual or have a mature spirituality within their faith community (Hood, Hill, & Spilka, 2009). In the current study, we distinguish between religiousness and spirituality in that religiousness is considered to include the beliefs and practices of an organized religion (Hill et al., 2000), and spirituality is considered to be the sense of relationship with the Sacred (Davis, Hook, Van Tongeren, Gartner, & Worthington, 2012; Shultz & Sandage, 2006) or a sense of closeness or connection with something Sacred (Davis et al., 2012; Davis et al., 2010; Hill et al., 2000). When the Sacred is religious, this has been called religious spirituality (Davis et al., 2012). When humanity is considered to be Sacred, it is called humanistic spirituality nature, nature spirituality and something beyond the corporeal, transcendent spirituality (Davis et al., 2012). In the present article, we consider religious spirituality and are particularly concerned with a particular subset of religious spirituality-that which is associated with Pentecostal or Charismatic Christianity, which we call Pentecostal spirituality.Pentecostalism and related Charismatic groups are among the fastest growing Christian groups globally with upwards of half a billion members worldwide (Pew Forum, 2006). Research indicates that religious conversions often result in measurable changes in religious spirituality (e.g., Paloutzian, 2005). Recent theorists have focused on possible links between godly love and benevolence qua love expressed toward others (e.g., Exline, 2012; Poloma, 2012) specifically in Pentecostal samples. In this present study, we view benevolence as an important dimension of spiritual maturity and explore links between godly love and benevolence with a focus on the contributions of Pentecostal-Charismatic spirituality.Pentecostal-Charismatic SpiritualityThe conceptualization and assessment of religion and spirituality have been reformulated many times since the early focus offered by James (1902). In 1999, Mahoney and Graci found that a small sample of experts in religious studies identified charity, compassion, forgiveness, and hope among the concepts associated with spirituality. …

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Collectivist-Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS-CS) is developed, which is designed to measure trait forgivingness within societies characterized by a blend of individualistic and collectivistic worldviews.
Abstract: Mounting evidence suggests that experiences of forgiveness vary across cultures. However, culturally sensitive conceptualizations of forgiveness lack empirical support, in part because psychometrically sound instruments designed to capture unique aspects of forgiveness in non-Western cultures are rare. For this reason, we developed the Collectivist-Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS-CS), which is designed to measure trait forgivingness within societies characterized by a blend of individualistic and collectivistic worldviews. In Study 1 (N = 597), exploratory factor analysis revealed a 16-item three-factor structure of third-party forgiveness, collectivistic forgiveness, and interpersonal resentment among South Africans. In Study 2 (N = 897), the three-factor model replicated in an independent South African sample. Findings also offered preliminary evidence supporting the construct validity of the TFS-CS. Overall, these studies support a conceptualization of trait forgivingness with similarities and differences relative to Western models and highlight the importance of appreciating the influence of culture when measuring forgiveness.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that participants in a short-term empathy skills training group underestimate the impact of situational determinants on behavior, especially when observing salient actors, and that the early stages of empathy training in structured groups may be characterized by losses in empathic orientation.
Abstract: Increases in empathy produced by participation in a short-term empathy skills training group were assessed by contrasting trained and untrained individuals' attributions about salient and nonsalient stimulus persons. Although previous evidence suggests that empathy limits the observer's tendency to over-attribute behavior to personal rather than situational causes, trained subjects underestimated the impact of situational determinants on behavior, especially when observing salient actors. These findings suggest that the early stages of empathy training in structured groups may be characterized by losses in empathic orientation, perhaps as a result of increases in listening skills.

8 citations


Cited by
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of the authors' books like this one.
Abstract: Thank you for downloading using multivariate statistics. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this using multivariate statistics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. using multivariate statistics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read.

14,604 citations

01 Jan 1982
Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

7,539 citations

Journal Article

5,680 citations

01 Feb 2009
TL;DR: This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale, and what might be coming next.
Abstract: Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

5,234 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Motivated performance tasks elicited cortisol responses if they were uncontrollable or characterized by social-evaluative threat (task performance could be negatively judged by others), when methodological factors and other stressor characteristics were controlled for.
Abstract: This meta-analysis reviews 208 laboratory studies of acute psychological stressors and tests a theoretical model delineating conditions capable of eliciting cortisol responses. Psychological stressors increased cortisol levels; however, effects varied widely across tasks. Consistent with the theoretical model, motivated performance tasks elicited cortisol responses if they were uncontrollable or characterized by social-evaluative threat (task performance could be negatively judged by others), when methodological factors and other stressor characteristics were controlled for. Tasks containing both uncontrollable and social-evaluative elements were associated with the largest cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone changes and the longest times to recovery. These findings are consistent with the animal literature on the physiological effects of uncontrollable social threat and contradict the belief that cortisol is responsive to all types of stressors.

5,028 citations