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Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Attachment--and loss.

Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

This meta-analysis reviews 208 laboratory studies of acute psychological stressors and tests a theoretical model delineating conditions capable of eliciting cortisol responses. Psychological stressors increased cortisol levels; however, effects varied widely across tasks. Consistent with the theoretical model, motivated performance tasks elicited cortisol responses if they were uncontrollable or characterized by social-evaluative threat (task performance could be negatively judged by others), when methodological factors and other stressor characteristics were controlled for. Tasks containing both uncontrollable and social-evaluative elements were associated with the largest cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone changes and the longest times to recovery. These findings are consistent with the animal literature on the physiological effects of uncontrollable social threat and contradict the belief that cortisol is responsive to all types of stressors.

http://anthro.vancouver.wsu.edu/media/Course_files/anth-260-edward-h-hagen/acute-stressors-and-cortisol-responses-a-theoretical-integration-and-synthesis-of-laboratory-research-1.pdf

Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.

The present study investigated the efficacy of the REACH Forgiveness psychoeducation program for the first time in Indian college students and examined theoretically-based predictors of program response based on the model of relational spirituality and forgiveness. This was an intervention experiment that spanned 5 weeks and included three measurement occasions (weeks 1, 3, 5) and two separate deliveries of the forgiveness intervention (weeks 2 and 4). Participants were N = 124 students at Karnatak University in Darwha, India (100 Hindu; 18 Muslim, 5 Christian, and 1 Jain). This was a manualized, secular intervention led by a trained facilitator in a group, psychoeducational format. Measures included forgiveness and unforgiveness as well as assessments of positive and negative affective states and spirituality. Participants who received immediate forgiveness training showed significant and large positive changes in forgiveness and unforgiveness, as well as, more positive affect and increased self-esteem in contrast to wait-list comparisons. Perceiving one's offender as having a similar spirituality to oneself was a consistent predictor of response to the REACH Forgiveness program. Specifically, perceiving the offender as having a similar spirituality was related to less growth of unforgiveness and more growth in empathy, positive affect, and emotional forgiveness as a result of the psychoeducational program. The REACH Forgiveness psychoeducational approach is efficacious in an Indian college student sample, and some relational spirituality variables are important predictors of response to the program. Future studies should consider the role of Indian culture in promoting forgiveness and possibly tailor the intervention to suit the significant proportions of Hindus and Muslims in India.

/pdf/efficacy-of-the-reach-forgiveness-intervention-in-indian-5beaesbdrz.pdf

Efficacy of the REACH Forgiveness Intervention in Indian College Students.

Forgiveness and Reconciliation Within the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

In a single comprehensive model, using a large nationally representative sample, we investigate longitudinal relationships between mental distress and "Big Six" personality using an analysis approach sensitive to dynamic effects (i.e., to effects of deviations from individual trajectories). We find that, consistent with a mechanism involving scarring by distress, upward deviations (flare-ups) in distress predict flare-ups in Neuroticism 12 months later. Among younger adults (n = 4,775), distress flare-ups predict dips in Conscientiousness. Consistent with a dynamic precursor model, (a) flare-ups in Neuroticism and Extraversion predict subsequent flare-ups in distress among older adults (n = 11,167), and (b) slopes of distress correlate with slopes of a number of traits (e.g., positively for Neuroticism, and, among older adults, negatively for Extraversion). While demonstrating these scarring and dynamic precursor effects, we draw attention to a nuanced direction of dynamic effect for Extraversion, a newly discovered dynamic effect of Conscientiousness, and previously undocumented dynamic effects of traits on each other.

The Big Six Personality Traits and Mental Distress: Dynamic Modeling in a Population Panel Study Reveals Bidirectional Relationships Involving Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness.

Both therapists and physicians give people directives to perform acts that are presumably therapeutic for them. Noncompliance with such therapeutic directives is surprisingly high (1). Styles of giving such directives often differ markedly. The present experiment compared three styles of giving therapeutic directives (persuasion, collaboration, and written directives) to manage the discomfort of the cold pressor, a treatment for strains and sprains and a frequent analogue for short-term counseling. Female undergraduate volunteers (N = 60) from psychology classes at a large urban university were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions and were individually pre- and posaested for ice-water tolerance (10-min. limit) by one of two male experimenters blind to treatment condition. After each test, participants rated their pain on a 100-point scale. Berween tests, rhey received training in the use of pleasant imagery as a pain palliadve. Training was conducted using one of three presentational styles. Persuasion consisted of the trainer giving directives in a clear, straightforward manner. Written instructions used a script identical to persuasion. In the collaborative style, the trainer solicited from the women expressions that imagery might be used to cope with pain, then he reinforced that and asked the women to elaborate on how rhey might use imagery, type of imagery, and content of specific scenes. An analysis of covariance, using the pretest tolerance as the covariate, was performed for posttes: tolerance and self-reported pain. For tolerance, groups did not differ. For self-reported pain, however, there was a significant effect for presentational style. Women hearing the persuasive style reported lower psin than those reading the same instructions. Women collaborating with the trainer did not differ from other women. Acrusl reported imagery use was significantly correlated with less self-reported pain. Theories of counseling indicate that enh~ncing clients' perceived self-control should increase their compliance with therapeutic directives. Samaan and Parker (2) found collaborative directives better than persuasive directives at inducing career exploration. On the other hand, physicians have traditionally issued directives without consulting patients. The present experiment indicates that for simple therapeutic directives, a persuasive style is superior to writren instructions and not different from a collaborative style in producing therapeutic gain. This may be true because persuasion maximizes

Presentational style of therapeutic directive and response to cold pressor pain.

Research largely supports the apology–forgiveness cycle, a process in which perpetrators’ post-transgression apologies are reciprocated with victims’ forgiveness. This cycle is often facilitated by...

Everett L. Worthington

Papers

Efficacy of the REACH Forgiveness Intervention in Indian College Students.

Forgiveness and Reconciliation Within the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality

The Big Six Personality Traits and Mental Distress: Dynamic Modeling in a Population Panel Study Reveals Bidirectional Relationships Involving Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness.

Presentational style of therapeutic directive and response to cold pressor pain.

Do congruent apologies facilitate forgiveness