Author
F. R. Hartley
Bio: F. R. Hartley is an academic researcher from Royal Military College of Canada. The author has contributed to research in topics: Hexachloroethane & Ignition system. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 4 publications receiving 19 citations.
Topics: Hexachloroethane, Ignition system, Silumin, Oxide, Magnesium
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, the ignition of two smoke generators containing hexachloroethane and silumin, one of which also contains zinc oxide, was investigated, and the physical conditions of consolidation, that is pressing load and diameter of container (between 1.27 cm and 2.54 cm), have been shown to have no effect on the ease of ignition of each mixture.
Abstract: The ignition by electrically heated coil of two smoke generators containing hexachloroethane and silumin, one of which also contains zinc oxide, has been investigated. The physical conditions of consolidation, that is pressing load (between 7.9 × 106 kg/m2 and 3.1 × 107 kg/m2) and diameter of container (between 1.27 cm and 2.54 cm), have been shown to have no effect on the ease of ignition of each mixture. Addition of zinc oxide increases the minimum temperature of ignition from about 443 K to about 973 K and the minimum heating rate for ignition from about 2.5 watt to about 8 watt. The effect of zinc oxide is believed to be chemical rather than physical in nature.
7 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism for the ignition of silumin-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic smoke mixtures that accounts for these observations has been proposed, and it is shown that small amounts of either iodine or trityl chloride inhibit the onset of the smoke reaction.
Abstract: The addition of metal oxides to silumin-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic smoke mixtures makes ignition on a hot plate more difficult in the order aluminium oxide < zinc oxide < magnesium oxide. Evidence is presented that suggests that aluminium oxide inhibits ignition by acting as an inert diluent separating the active reactants whereas the effect of magnesium oxide is believed to be chemical in nature. The addition of small amounts of ferric oxide or potassium iodide has little effect on the onset of smoke formation in a silumin-hexachloroethane-zinc oxide composition but promotes the transition from smoke to flame reaction. In contrast small amounts of either iodine or trityl chloride inhibit the onset of the smoke reaction. A mechanism is proposed for the ignition of silumin-hexachloroethane compositions that accounts for these observations.
6 citations
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TL;DR: A small sealed tube has been used to study the reaction between hexachloroethane and silumin, which is important in certain types of smoke generating pyrotechnics as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A small sealed tube has been used to study the reaction between hexachloroethane and silumin, which is important in certain types of smoke generating pyrotechnics. Standard amounts were heated at 483 K in a 12−cm3 tube. Products identified were aluminium chloride and tetrachloroethylene. The effects of added oxides were noted. Zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and cupric oxide inhibited the reaction. Ferric oxide accelerated the reaction and stannous oxide, zirconium dioxide and titanium dioxide seemed to have little effect. Other substances found to inhibit the reaction were ammonium chloride, water and ortho-chloroaniline. Pentachloroethane was found as a product when water was present indicating the formation of pentachloroethyl radicals.
4 citations
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TL;DR: Simultaneous differential thermal analysis with thermogravimetric analysis has shown that the inhibition of the ignition of silumin-hexachlor-oethane smoke generators by zinc oxide is not due to the adsorption of hexachloroethylane vapour on zinc oxide as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Simultaneous differential thermal analysis with thermogravimetric analysis has shown that the inhibition of the ignition of silumin-hexachloroethane smoke generators by zinc oxide is not due to the adsorption of hexachloroethane vapour on zinc oxide. Analysis of this and previously reported evidence suggests a free radical mechanism for the reaction of aluminium with hexachloroethane. Zinc oxide inhibits this by competition for radicals.
3 citations
Cited by
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TL;DR: The application of silicon as fuel in common pyrotechnic and explosive compositions is reviewed in this paper, where the authors present a review of silicon-based fuel for pyrolytic and explosive applications.
Abstract: The application of silicon as fuel in common pyrotechnic and explosive compositions is reviewed. For part V see Ref. [56].
64 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of experimental techniques for thermal analysis of pyrotechnics is presented, with references restricted to the readily available open literature, and selected areas of application.
25 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a wide-area obscurant used in large quantity during military training is produced by reaction of zinc oxide (46.7%), hexachloroethane (46.,7%), and hexacaroline (46,7%).
7 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism for the ignition of silumin-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic smoke mixtures that accounts for these observations has been proposed, and it is shown that small amounts of either iodine or trityl chloride inhibit the onset of the smoke reaction.
Abstract: The addition of metal oxides to silumin-hexachloroethane pyrotechnic smoke mixtures makes ignition on a hot plate more difficult in the order aluminium oxide < zinc oxide < magnesium oxide. Evidence is presented that suggests that aluminium oxide inhibits ignition by acting as an inert diluent separating the active reactants whereas the effect of magnesium oxide is believed to be chemical in nature. The addition of small amounts of ferric oxide or potassium iodide has little effect on the onset of smoke formation in a silumin-hexachloroethane-zinc oxide composition but promotes the transition from smoke to flame reaction. In contrast small amounts of either iodine or trityl chloride inhibit the onset of the smoke reaction. A mechanism is proposed for the ignition of silumin-hexachloroethane compositions that accounts for these observations.
6 citations
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NATO1
TL;DR: The sections in this article are============Initiation and propagation of pyrolants are discussed in this paper, where the authors discuss the properties of the pyrolant properties and properties of constituents.
Abstract: The sections in this article are
15.1
Introduction
15.2
Characterization of Pyrolants
15.2.1
Thermochemical Properties of Constituents
15.2.1.1
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
15.2.1.2
Poly(Carbon Monofluoride) (PMF)
15.2.1.3
Vinylidene Fluoride Based Copolymers
15.2.1.4
Hexachloroethane (HC) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
15.2.2
Thermochemistry of Pyrolants
15.3
Ignition and Propagation
15.3.1
Ignition
15.3.2
Propagation
15.4
Combustion Phenomenology and Spectroscopy
15.5
Technical Applications
15.5.1
SHS
15.5.2
IRCM – Flares
15.5.3
Metal–Halocarbon Obscurants
15.6
Safety
15.7
Outlook
15.8
Acknowledgment
Keywords:
combustion;
high explosives;
metal–halocarbon pyrolants;
nanostructures;
decoy flares;
obscurant
6 citations