Endophytes are abundant in plants and studies are continuously emanating on their ability to protect plants from pathogens that cause diseases especially in the field of agriculture. The advantage that endophytes have over other biocontrol agents is the ability to colonize plant’s internal tissues. Despite this attributes, a deep understanding of the mechanism employed by endophytes in protecting the plant from diseases is still required for both effectiveness and commercialization. Also, there are increasing cases of antibiotics resistance among most causative agents of diseases in human beings, which calls for an alternative drug discovery using natural sources. Endophytes present themselves as a storehouse of many bioactive metabolites such as phenolic acids, alkaloids, quinones, steroids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids which makes them a promising candidate for anticancer, antimalarial, antituberculosis, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritis, and immunosuppressive properties among many others, even though the primary function of bioactive compounds from endophytes is to make the host plants resistant to both abiotic and biotic stresses. Endophytes still present themselves as a peculiar source of possible drugs. This study elucidates the mechanisms employed by endophytes in protecting the plant from diseases and different bioactivities of importance to humans with a focus on endophytic bacteria and fungi.

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Elucidating Mechanisms of Endophytes Used in Plant Protection and Other Bioactivities With Multifunctional Prospects.

Endophytic fungi are broadly dispersed residing inside plant tissues and have been demonstrated as a treasure for bioactive natural products. Unexplored harsh and heavy metal contaminant habitat of Avicennia marina may have diverse and potential fungal association. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate the culturable fungal endophytes associated with leaves of A. marina and to evaluate their medical potentialities. Seventeen isolates of endophyte fungi were isolated from healthy leaves and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Results showed that isolates had activity against micro-organisms in addition to their antioxidant activity produced a variety of phenolic compounds, besides exhibited a lowest cytotoxicity against ATCC-CCL-81 cell line. Consequently, selected endophytic fungal isolates were identified genetically as Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium madrasense, Chaetomium sp., Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus hiratsukae, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria tenuissima and Curvularia lunata with gene bank accession numbers MT089951, MT089952, MT089953, MT089954, MT089955, MT089956, MT089957 and MT089958 respectively. The most potent fungus extract was analysed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry which verified the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. These findings confirmed that new endophytic fungal strains derived from A. marina thrive in harsh ecosystem produce bioactive metabolites which can be recommended as a novel source for drug discovery.

Fungal endophytes from leaves of Avicennia marina growing in semi-arid environment as a promising source for bioactive compounds.

Oxidative stress originates from an elevated intracellular level of free oxygen radicals that cause lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, DNA hydroxylation, and apoptosis, ultimately impairing cell viability. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which further helps to prevent cellular damage. Medicinal plants, fruits, and spices are the primary sources of antioxidants from time immemorial. In contrast to plants, microorganisms can be used as a source of antioxidants with the advantage of fast growth under controlled conditions. Further, microbe-based antioxidants are nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and biodegradable as compared to synthetic antioxidants. The present review aims to summarize the current state of the research on the antioxidant activity of microorganisms including actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and yeast, which produce a variety of antioxidant compounds, i.e., carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins, and sterol, etc. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms and signaling pathways followed by antioxidants to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially for those antioxidant compounds that have been scarcely investigated so far.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/4/1142/pdf

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive Molecules for Antioxidant Applications.

Endophytic microbes are microorganisms that colonize the intracellular spaces within the plant tissues without exerting any adverse or pathological effects. Currently, the world population is facing devastating chronic diseases that affect humans. The resistance of pathogens to commercial antibiotics is increasing, thus limiting the therapeutic potential and effectiveness of antibiotics. Consequently, the need to search for novel, affordable and nontoxic natural bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi in developing new drugs with multifunction mechanisms to meet human needs is essential. Fungal endophytes produce invaluable bioactive metabolic compounds beneficial to humans with antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties, etc. Some of these bioactive compounds include pestacin, taxol, camptothecin, ergoflavin, podophyllotoxin, benzopyran, isopestacin, phloroglucinol, tetrahydroxy-1-methylxanthone, salidroside, borneol, dibenzofurane, methyl peniphenone, lipopeptide, peniphenone etc. Despite the aforementioned importance of endophytic fungal metabolites, less information is available on their exploration and pharmacological importance. Therefore, in this review, we shall elucidate the fungal bioactive metabolites from medicinal plants and their pharmacological potential.

Pharmacological Potential of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Medicinal Plants: A Review

A multitude of plants from the Brazilian savanna are known for their medicinal properties. Many plants contain endophytic fungi, which lead to the production of bioactive compounds by both the fungi and their hosts. This study investigated the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi recovered from the leaves of Palicourea rigida, a native medicinal plant of the Brazilian savanna. Four fungal taxa (Colletotrichum sp. SXS649, Pestalotiopsis sp. SXS650, the order Botryosphaeriales SXS651, and Diaporthe sp. SXS652) were recovered. The phenolic, flavonoid, extracellular degrading enzymes (amylase, cellulase, protease, and tannase) and antioxidant activity of these taxa were determined. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity showed that the Botryosphaeriales SXS651 extract displays a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 23.20 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Diaporthe sp. SXS652 extract exhibited an MIC of 27.00 mg mL-1 against Escherichia coli. The Colletotrichum sp. SXS649 isolate inhibited tumors in potato discs by 69% at a concentration of 9.70 mg mL-1. All isolates had potential bioremediation criteria against soil contaminated with soybean oil, as proved by a high percentage of germination of Lactuca sativa and a reduction in phytotoxicity. Furthermore, the taxa under investigation demonstrated antagonistic action to phytopathogenic fungi, namely, Aspergillus niger, Inonotus rickii, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, and Coniophora puteana, with an inhibition range between 34.2% and 76.9%. The preliminary toxicity assessment showed that all isolates possessed an LC50 of less than 100 mg mL-1 to the microcrustacean Artemia salina. These results indicate that the endophytic fungi of the Brazilian savanna are promising candidates for biotechnological and industrial applications and, in agricultural applications, for the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi.

Insights into the Bioprospecting of the Endophytic Fungi of the Medicinal Plant Palicourea rigida Kunth (Rubiaceae): Detailed Biological Activities.

Mangifera casturi Kosterm is an endemic plant from South Kalimantan that has been listed as extinct in the wild by IUCN. Local society traditionally uses this plant to improve their overall health. In order to reduce further exploitation, the utilization of its endophytes is proposed as an alternative source of bioactive compounds for its medicinal worth. We investigated the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi isolated from M. casturi. Bioactive compounds of 13 endophytic fungal isolates were extracted using ethyl acetate and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging method. TLC-bioautography assay and GC-MS analysis were used to detect the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts. The endophytic fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly based on ITS rDNA sequence. Among 13 isolates, Aspergillus minisclerotigens AKF1 and Aspergillus oryzae DK7 exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 value of 142.96µg/mL and 145.01µg/mL, respectively. Based on TLC- bioautography and GC-MS analysis, the most active compound in AKF1 and DK7 isolate was dihydropyran and 4H-Pyran- 4-one,5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl-(CAS) Kojic acid, respectively. This finding confirms the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of antioxidants and can be an alternative to the antioxidants produced by plants to support M. casturi conservation.Mangifera casturi Kosterm is an endemic plant from South Kalimantan that has been listed as extinct in the wild by IUCN. Local society traditionally uses this plant to improve their overall health. In order to reduce further exploitation, the utilization of its endophytes is proposed as an alternative source of bioactive compounds for its medicinal worth. We investigated the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi isolated from M. casturi. Bioactive compounds of 13 endophytic fungal isolates were extracted using ethyl acetate and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging method. TLC-bioautography assay and GC-MS analysis were used to detect the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts. The endophytic fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly based on ITS rDNA sequence. Among 13 isolates, Aspergillus minisclerotigens AKF1 and Aspergillus oryzae DK7 exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 value of 142.96µg/mL and 145...

Antioxidant activity of bioactive compound produced by endophytic fungi isolated from endemic plant of South Kalimantan Mangifera casturi Kosterm

Blood services is one of the health support systems which play important role for fulfilling blood stock, blood production, and distribution. Fulfilment of blood stock become the main focus of blood support unit in Indonesia. During the Covid-19 pandemic, Indonesia Government applied community activities restrictions enforcement which social distancing became the major reason for decreasing donor quantity in Bojonegoro while blood supply was needed from other units. In case of increasing blood donor, socialization programme held at Sumbertlaseh Village. This programme accommodated by Student of diploma programme of blood bank technology, undergraduate programme of ners, dan Blood Donor Unit Bojonegoro. The programme share information about the important and advantage of blood donor using various media, such as brochure, leaflet, and presentation. The results of the activity show that 78.26% of the community has good knowledge about blood donor.

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Improvement of blood donor knowledge in community at Sumbertlaseh, Bojonegoro

Syphilis is a disease caused by Treponema pallidum. Syphilis could transmit through sexual intercourse, and can also occur in the vertical direction from the mother to the fetus, through blood products and, in some cases, through medical equipment. Among those, blood transfusions are the main way to spread the disease. WHO estimates that more than 1 million people worldwide are diagnosed with 4,444 sexually transmitted diseases daily. This study was using total 51351 blood sample obtained from blood donor in 2020 and 2021 in Blood Donor Unit (UDD PMI) Bojonegoro. The aim in this study was to find the prevalence of syphilis cases occurred in Blood Donor Unit (UDD PMI) Bojonegoro. This finding may have implication to increase people awareness in syphilis. This study was used descriptive study with cross sectional design and conducted by using cross tabulation as statistical analysis. The data showed that there was slight increase with 0.12% and 0.16% cases of confirmed syphilis in 2020 and 2021 respectively (P = 0,174). Total cases from 51351 blood samples, 71 (0,14%) blood samples were positive for syphilis. The highest cases in 2020 was occurred in January (7 cases) and highest cases in 2021 was occurred in October (13 cases). The conclusion of this study showed that the prevalence of syphilis was low in this study. Even though the percentage might be below 1% in this study, it is still a significant transfusion problem in blood donation quality purpose to be overcomed.

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Prevalence of Syphilis Cases Among Blood Donors in Bojonegoro

One of promising bio-prospect as producer of an antibacterial compound is endophytic fungi that live in endemic plants. This research is aimed to evaluate the endophytic fungi antibacterial compound from Mangifera casturi, an South Kalimantan endemic plant that has ethnobotanical utilisation in the pharmaceutical field. The bioactive compounds of 13 endophytic fungi were extracted using ethyl acetate and evaluated for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured by the serial broth dilution method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to examine cell damage due to the effect of the extract. The antibacterial compounds then were detected using GC-MS analysis. The endophytic fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly based on ITS rDNA sequence. Among 13 isolates, endophytic fungi identified as Botryosphaeria rhodina AK32 able to produce antibacterial compounds that exhibited the highest activity and have a broad spectrum, moreover capable against resistant bacteria (MRSA) with 1.56% of MIC value for all of the test bacteria. AK32 ethyl acetate extract was inhibiting the cell wall synthesis and penetrate the outer membrane of bacteria. Based on GC-MS, antibacterial compounds of AK32 ethyl acetate extract were di-n-octylphthalate, phenol, 2-methyl-, 4-pentadecyne, 15-chloro-, benzeneacetonitrile, and benztriazole.

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Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Compound Produces by Endophtic Fungi Isolated from Mangifera casturi Kosterm Endemic Plant from South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Fatia Rizki Nuraini

Papers

Antioxidant activity of bioactive compound produced by endophytic fungi isolated from endemic plant of South Kalimantan Mangifera casturi Kosterm

Improvement of blood donor knowledge in community at Sumbertlaseh, Bojonegoro

Prevalence of Syphilis Cases Among Blood Donors in Bojonegoro

Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Compound Produces by Endophtic Fungi Isolated from Mangifera casturi Kosterm Endemic Plant from South Kalimantan, Indonesia