Francis T. Cullen

Bio: Francis T. Cullen is an academic researcher from University of Cincinnati. The author has contributed to research in topics: Poison control & Juvenile delinquency. The author has an hindex of 87, co-authored 385 publications receiving 33663 citations. Previous affiliations of Francis T. Cullen include Columbia University & Western Illinois University.

Gender, Adolescent Lifestyles, and Violent Victimization: Implications for Routine Activity Theory

Abstract: Using data from 541 high school students, we examine the associations between structured and unstructured routine activities and adolescent violent victimization in light of gender's influence. In particular, we focused on whether such activity-victimization relationships explained any effect of gender or, in contrast, were perhaps contingent upon gender. The results showed that gender's effect on both minor and serious victimization was substantially mediated by one measured lifestyle, in particular the delinquent lifestyle. In addition, there was only modest evidence of gender moderating the effects of certain lifestyles on victimization; the effects of most activities were consistent across male and female subjects. Implications of our findings for a contemporary age-graded and gendered routine activity theory are discussed.

Rehabilitation in a Red State

Abstract: Research Summary Based on a 2013 survey of 1,001 likely voters in Texas, public support for correctional reform in a “red state” was examined. Four major conclusions were revealed. First, the respondents displayed strong support for rehabilitation. Second, at least for nonviolent and/or drug offenders, the sample members showed a clear preference for the use of alternatives to incarceration as opposed to imprisonment. Third, when asked about a specific policy reform that used treatment rather than prison for nonviolent drug offenders, more than eight in ten Texans approved of the measure, and strong majorities endorsed various rationales for it. Fourth, with some minor variation, the respondents revealed substantial consensus across demographic groups in their embrace of rehabilitation and correctional reform. Policy Implications With the growth of mass imprisonment arguably at its end, the existence of strong public support for correctional reform even in the major red state of Texas, suggests that a new “sensibility” about crime control has taken hold. There is now an emergent national consensus that the overuse of incarceration is unsustainable and that low-risk offenders no longer should be sanctioned with a prison sentence. The American public, in Texas and beyond, is willing to support a policy agenda that includes offender treatment, prison downsizing, and alternatives to incarceration. The challenge for elected officials is to take advantage of this ideological space and to pursue this agenda. Notably, politicians in Texas and in other red states are using this opportunity to implement correctional policy reforms. The data in this study indicate that they will face no public backlash and, if anything, will gain political capital for their efforts.

Correctional Theory: Context and Consequences

Abstract: PrefacePART I. Crisis in American CorrectionsCHAPTER 1. From Theory to Policy: Evidence-Based Corrections Theories of Corrections Six Theories in Brief Utility, Opinion, and Evidence Evidence-Based Corrections Conclusion: What's Ahead?CHAPTER 2. Correctional Theory in Crisis: America's Changing Context What Is Rehabilitation? The Rise of the Rehabilitative Ideal Attacking Rehabilitation The "Nothing Works" Doctrine: Martinson and Beyond Conclusion: Crisis in Correctional TheoryPART II. The Punishment ResponseCHAPTER 3. Just Deserts: Doing Justice or Getting Tough? The Concepts of Retribution and Just Deserts: Punishing the Crime Retribution: Just and Painful Four Problems for Retribution The Justice Model: Restraining State Discretion What Went Wrong? Winning the Battle but Losing the War Conclusion: The Need for Crime ControlCHAPTER 4. Deterrence: Scaring Offenders Straight The Concept of Deterrence Is Deterrence a "Conservative" Theory? The Theoretical Assumptions of Deterrence Studying Whether Deterrence Works: Assessing Types of Evidence Policy Changes That Increase Punishment Macro-Level Studies of Punishment and Crime Rates Perceptual Deterrence Studies Deterrence in the Community The Effects of Imprisonment Conclusion: The Limits of DeterrenceCHAPTER 5. Incapacitation: Locking Up the Wicked Too Many Prisoners More Than Enough Criminals The Concept of Incapacitation Estimating the Incapacitation Effect: Studying Individual Offenders Estimating the Incapacitation Effect: Macro-Level Studies Conclusion: Compared to What?PART III. The Social Welfare ResponseCHAPTER 6. Restorative Justice: Reintegrative Shaming The Concept of Restorative Justice The Appeal of Restorative Justice Three Problems Does Restorative Justice Work? Conclusion: The Limits of HarmCHAPTER 7. Rehabilitation: What Works to Change Offenders The Concept of Rehabilitation Knowing What Works Challenging Nothing Works: Narrative Reviews Challenging Nothing Works: Meta-Analytic Reviews What Does Not Work What Does Work: Principles of Effective Intervention What Else Might Work? Conclusion: Reaffirming RehabilitationPART IV. Extending the Vision of CorrectionsCHAPTER 8. Reentry: Saving Offenders from a Life in Crime From Parole to Reentry The Reentry Problem Reentry Programs The Effectiveness Problem Two Things to Keep in Mind Conclusion: Saving Offenders From a Life in CrimeCHAPTER 9. Early Intervention: Saving Children From a Life in Crime Lessons From Childhood Criminology The Need for Early Intervention Five Programs That Work-At Least When Done Right Two More Reasons to Support Early Intervention Conclusion: Beyond Adult-Limited CorrectionsCHAPTER 10. Six Correctional Lessons: Choosing Our Future Three Themes Four Lessons Conclusion: Choosing Our FutureReferencesIndexAbout the Authors

Using Multivariate Statistics

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In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

Abstract: The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

Abstract: What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Abstract: 1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.