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Francis T. Cullen

Bio: Francis T. Cullen is an academic researcher from University of Cincinnati. The author has contributed to research in topics: Poison control & Juvenile delinquency. The author has an hindex of 87, co-authored 385 publications receiving 33663 citations. Previous affiliations of Francis T. Cullen include Columbia University & Western Illinois University.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of low self-control on crime and analogous behaviors were assessed by using two distinct measures of self control, an attitudinal measure and the analogous/behavior scale, and it was shown that both measures have effects on crime, even when controlling for a range of social factors.
Abstract: Gottfredson and Hirschi's recently introduced general theory of crime has received considerable empirical support. Researchers have found that low self-control, the general theory's core concept, is related to lawbreaking and to deviant behaviors considered by Gottfredson and Hirschi to be “analogous” to crime. In this article, we extend this research by assessing the effects of low self-control on crime and analogous behaviors and by using two distinct measures of self-control, an attitudinal measure and the analogous/behavior scale. Thus, following Gottfredson and Hirschi, we use analogous imprudent behaviors as outcomes of low self-control and as indicators of low self-control's effects on crime. We also examine an important but thus far neglected part of the theory: the claim that low self-control has effects not only on crime but also on life chances, life quality, and other social consequences. Consistent with the general theory, we found that both measures of self-control, attitudinal and behavioral, have effects on crime, even when controlling for a range of social factors. Further, the analysis revealed general support for the theory's prediction of negative relationships between low self-control and social consequences other than crime—life outcomes and quality of life.

424 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that respondents' race is not a significant determinant of confidence in the police; the most important determinant being the community context, suggesting that neighborhood social integration may provide a supportive context which could encourage positive evaluation of formal institutional arrangements.
Abstract: Considers the impact of a range of variables on confidence in the police, including those given little or no previous attention, e.g. measures of crime experience and of conservative political orientation. Draws data from a larger study of urban crime‐prevention issues based on Cincinnati, Ohio. Finds that respondents’ race is not a significant determinant of confidence in the police; the most important determinant being the community context. Suggests that neighborhood social integration may provide a supportive context which could encourage positive evaluation of formal institutional arrangements. Finds that attitudes toward the police (ATP) are regulated by the social context and that much of the existing research, which excluded contextual variables, may have been wrong in making race a significant variable. Notes that confidence in the police is higher in women than in men, but this may be due to a lower rate of antagonistic contact between police and women (not measured here).

412 citations

Book ChapterDOI
05 Jul 2017
TL;DR: The literature on deterrence theory has undergone a number of changes in recent years as mentioned in this paper with the rise of new ways of thinking about rational decision-making and offending, and four developments have changed the way criminologists view the deterrence perspective: the effectiveness of certain situational crime prevention strategies; the recognition of the importance of the "non-legal costs" of criminal behavior; the integration of deterrence theory with other criminological perspectives, such as social learning and self-control theories; and how the imposition of sanctions can actually lower individuals' perceived estimates of getting caught in the future, known
Abstract: The literature on deterrence theory has undergone a number of changes in recent years. With the rise of new ways of thinking about rational decision-making and offending, four developments have changed the way criminologists view the deterrence perspective: the effectiveness of certain situational crime prevention strategies; the recognition of the importance of the "non-legal costs" of criminal behavior; the integration of deterrence theory with other criminological perspectives, such as social learning and self-control theories; and how the imposition of sanctions can actually lower individuals' perceived estimates of getting caught in the future, known as the "resetting effect". The body of "shaming" research points to the growing recognition of the complex effects that criminal sanctions have on individuals' future criminal behaviour. Even independent of shame, however, research has emerged indicating that individuals who have been punished end up being more inclined to commit future offenses than those who have not been punished.

406 citations

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The Chicago School of Criminology as mentioned in this paper introduced the concept of "Criminal Man" as a metaphor for the "criminal mind" and the "curtains of the criminal mind".
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1: The Context and Consequences of Theory Theory in Social Context Theory and Policy: Ideas Have Consequences Context, Theory, and Policy: Plan of the Book Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 2: The Search for the "Criminal Man" Spiritualism The Classical School: Criminal as Calculator The Positivist School: Criminal as Determined The Consequence of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 3: Rejecting Individualism: The Chicago School The Chicago School of Criminology: Theory in Context Shaw and McKay's Theory of Juvenile Delinquency Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association The Chicago School's Criminological Legacy Control and Culture in the Community Akers's Social Learning Theory The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 4: Crime in American Society: Anomie and Strain Theories Merton's Strain Theory Status Discontent and Delinquency The Criminological Legacy of "Classic" Strain Theory Agnew's General Strain Theory A Theory of African American Offending Crime and the American Dream: Institutional-Anomie Theory The Market Economy and Crime The Future of Strain Theory The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 5: Society as Insulation: The Origins of Control Theory Forerunners of Control Theory Early Control Theories Reckless's Containment Theory Sykes and Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory Control Theory in Context Further Readings CHAPTER 6: The Complexity of Control: Hirschi's Two Theories and Beyond Hirschi's First Theory: Social Bonds and Delinquency Hirschi's Second Theory: Self-Control and Crime The Complexity of Control The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 7: The Irony of State Intervention: Labeling Theory The Social Construction of Crime Labeling as Criminogenic: Creating Career Criminals The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Extending Labeling Theory Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 8: Social Power and the Construction of Crime: Conflict Theory Forerunners of Conflict Theory Theory in Context: The Turmoil of the 1960s Advancing Conflict Theory: Turk, Chambliss, and Quinney Conflict Theory and the Causes of Crime Consequences of Conflict Theory Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 9: The Variety of Critical Theory Modernity and Postmodernity Postmodern Criminological Thought: The End of Grand Narratives? Looking Back at Early British and European Influences Early Left Realism The New Criminology Revisited Left Realism Today Changing Social Context New Directions in Criminological Theory: Death and the Birth of New Ideas The New European Criminology Green Criminology Cultural Criminology Convict Criminology Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 10: The Gendering of Criminology: Feminist Theory Background Prefeminist Pioneers and Themes The Emergence of New Questions: Bringing Women In The Second Wave: From Women's Emancipation to Patriarchy Varieties of Feminist Thought The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender Masculinities and Crime Gendering Criminology Postmodernist Feminism and the Third Wave Consequences of Feminist Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 11: Crimes of the Powerful: Theories of White-Collar Crime The Discovery of White-Collar Crime: Edwin H. Sutherland Organizational Culture Organizational Strain and Opportunity Deciding to Offend State-Corporate Crime Consequences of White-Collar Crime Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 12: Bringing Punishment Back In: Conservative Criminology Context: The United States of the 1980s and Early 1990s Varieties of Conservative Theory Crime and Human Nature: Wilson and Herrnstein Crime and The Bell Curve: Herrnstein and Murray The Criminal Mind Choosing to Be Criminal: Crime Pays Crime and Moral Poverty Broken Windows: The Tolerance of Public Disorganization Consequences of Conservative Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 13: Choosing Crime in Everyday Life: Routine Activity and Rational Choice Theories Routine Activity Theory: Opportunities and Crime Rational Choice Theory Perceptual Deterrence Theory Situational Action Theory Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 14: The Search for the "Criminal Man" Revisited: Biosocial Theories Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Revisited Social Concern Theory: Evolutionary Psychology Revisited Neuroscience: Neurological and Biochemical Theories Genetics Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 15: New Directions in Biosocial Theory: Perspectives and Policies Biosocial Risk and Protective Factors Environmental Toxins The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings CHAPTER 16: The Development of Criminals: Life-Course Theories Integrated Theories of Crime Life-Course Criminology: Continuity and Change Criminology in Crisis: Gottfredson and Hirschi Revisited Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental Model Moffitt's Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory Sampson and Laub: Social Bond Theory Revisited Rethinking Crime: Cognitive Theories of Desistance The Consequences of Theory: Policy Implications Conclusion Further Readings References Author Index Subject Index About the Authors

373 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined both the level and sources of students' victimization and found that the risk of property victimization was increased by proximity to crime, target attractiveness, exposure, and lack of guardianship.
Abstract: Contrary to the image of college campuses as “ivory towers,” the victimization of college students recently has been portrayed as a serious problem deserving policy intervention. Based on interviews designed after the National Crime Victimization Survey, which were conducted with 3,472 randomly selected students across 12 institutions, we examined both the level and sources of students'victimization. More than one-third of the sample reported being victims during the 1993–94 academic year. Informed by the lifestyle-routine activities approach, the analysis revealed that the risk of property victimization was increased by proximity to crime, target attractiveness, exposure, and lack of guardianship. The main predictor of violent victimization was a lifestyle that included high levels of partying on campus at night and the recreational use of drugs.

353 citations


Cited by
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of the authors' books like this one.
Abstract: Thank you for downloading using multivariate statistics. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this using multivariate statistics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. using multivariate statistics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read.

14,604 citations

01 Jan 1982
Abstract: Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

7,539 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice, and this result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups.
Abstract: The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

6,629 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability, so low self-control is a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.
Abstract: What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

4,985 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1981
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers, a method for assessing Collinearity, and its applications in medicine and science.
Abstract: 1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

4,948 citations