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Using Multivariate Statistics

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

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High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Corporate Crime Under Attack: The Ford Pinto Case and Beyond.

Although the risk of dying in a terrorist attack in the United States is almost non-existent, recent polls indicate that Americans rank terrorism as a top national concern, prioritizing it over oth...

Using Behavioral Strategies to Cope With the Threat of Terrorism: A National-Level Study:

Beliefs about race, especially racial resentment, are key predictors of public support for capital punishment and punitiveness generally. Drawing on a conceptual innovation by political scientist J...

/pdf/racial-sympathy-and-support-for-capital-punishment-a-case-1j1d3ba3qo.pdf

Racial Sympathy and Support for Capital Punishment: A Case Study in Concept Transfer

Over the past two decades, an increasingly lengthy roster of commentators has characterized prisons in the United States as being in ‘crisis’ (see, for example, Blumstein, 1989; Colvin, 1992; Cullen and Gilbert, 1982; Gottfredson and McConville, 1987; Selke, 1993; Sherman and Hawkins, 1981; Simon, 1993). The term has been invoked to describe virtually every aspect of the American correctional system, but two uses have been most prominent and will occupy our attention here.1 Most obvious and most often, commentators speak of the ‘crowding crisis’ — how escalating inmate populations tax system resources and create an unrelenting administrative nightmare. Less clearly articulated but perhaps more fundamental, there is a sense that the very purpose or ‘conscience’ (Rothman, 1980) of the correctional enterprise is up for grabs or, still worse, undergoing a disquieting transformation.

Prisons in Crisis: The American Experience

People overestimate the risk of some events, such as terrorist attacks and immigrant crimes, but not of others. Stereotype amplification theory indicates that politicized, out-group stereotypes may be to blame. We examine Americans’ perceptions of the risk that different forms of violence—out-group, in-group and non-racialized—will occur in their local communities. We hypothesize that negative stereotypes of immigrants and Muslims will increase the perceived risk of out-group violence but not of other forms of violence. Analyses of original survey data from a sample of 1,068 Americans reveal four findings: (1) most Americans accurately perceive home-grown violence to be more likely than violence by foreigners, (2) political identification and ideology strongly predict out-group stereotypes, (3) out-group stereotypes strongly predict the perceived risk of out-group violence but are not significantly associated with risk perceptions for other forms of violence and (4) vulnerability factors predict risk perceptions for all forms of violence.

Francis T. Cullen

Papers

Corporate Crime Under Attack: The Ford Pinto Case and Beyond.

Using Behavioral Strategies to Cope With the Threat of Terrorism: A National-Level Study:

Racial Sympathy and Support for Capital Punishment: A Case Study in Concept Transfer

Prisons in Crisis: The American Experience

Safe Haven or Dangerous Place? Stereotype Amplification and Americans’ Perceived Risk of Terrorism, Violent Street Crime, and Mass Shootings