Author
Frank E. Speizer
Other affiliations: Medical Research Council, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Washington University in St. Louis ...read more
Bio: Frank E. Speizer is an academic researcher from Brigham and Women's Hospital. The author has contributed to research in topics: Relative risk & Risk factor. The author has an hindex of 193, co-authored 636 publications receiving 135891 citations. Previous affiliations of Frank E. Speizer include Medical Research Council & Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function level was studied in a cohort of white children aged 7-11 years examined in six US cities in 1983-1988.
Abstract: The effect of passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function level was studied in a cohort of white children aged 7-11 years examined in six US cities in 1983-1988. For 2,994 children with questionnaire-based exposure data, passive exposure to an additional pack of cigarettes smoked daily in the home was associated with increased incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.42). For 1,237 children with two consecutive 1-week measurements in both winter and summer, a 30-micrograms/m3 increase in the annual average indoor concentration of respirable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of < 2.5 microns (PM2.5)--that is, approximately the effect of one pack per day of smoking--was marginally associated with an increased cumulative incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.99-1.30). Indoor measurements of PM2.5 showed no direct association with children's pulmonary function measurements. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy showed a reduction of -2.6% (95% CI -5.2% to 0.1%) in volume-adjusted forced expiratory flow rates. Therefore, current indoor exposure to PM2.5 increases the cumulative incidence of lower respiratory symptoms, but is only weakly associated with decreased pulmonary function level in preadolescent children.
113 citations
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TL;DR: Examining incident cases of colorectal cancer that occurred during 1,012,280 person-years of follow-up between 1980 and 1992 in the Nurses' Health Study suggests that a later age of menarche and use of oral contraceptives may reduce risk of colorescopy cancer, whereas women with aLater age at first pregnancy may have a higher risk.
Abstract: To explore the roles of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in the etiology of colorectal cancer, we examined incident cases of colorectal cancer (n = 501) that occurred during 1,012,280 person-years of follow-up between 1980 and 1992 in the Nurses' Health Study. The women completed mailed, self-administered questionnaires every 2 years to update information on the risk factors and major medical events. In multivariate analysis, the relative risk (RR) of colorectal cancer among women who experienced menarche at age 14 or older was 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-1.08) compared with women who had menarche at age 13; women whose menarche occurred under age 12 were at higher risk (RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.96-1.55, P for trend = 0.01). Compared with women whose first pregnancy was before age 24, the risk for colorectal cancer was significantly increased among women whose first pregnancy was at age 30 or older (RR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.15-2.14; P for trend = 0.02). No important associations were seen for parity or age at menopause. Women who used oral contraceptives for 96 months or longer had a 40% lower risk of developing colorectal cancer (RR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.40-0.89; P for trend = 0.02) compared with women who never used oral contraceptives. These prospective data suggest that a later age of menarche and use of oral contraceptives may reduce risk of colorectal cancer, whereas women with a later age at first pregnancy may have a higher risk.
113 citations
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TL;DR: There is no important overall association between breast-feeding and the occurrence of breast cancer among 89,887 women in the US Nurses' Health Study.
112 citations
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TL;DR: Relative level of FEV1 compared with predicted was a strong predictor of sex-specific chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular (CV), and all-cause mortality, even after adjusting for age, respiratory symptoms, and smoking.
Abstract: Results are presented from a 9- to 12-yr mortality follow-up of 8,427 white adults in six U.S. cities between 25 and 74 yr of age at enrollment. Survival analyses were performed for all causes on 941 confirmed deaths, and for specific primary causes for the subset of 851 death with death certificates. Relative level of FEV1 compared with predicted was a strong predictor of sex-specific chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular (CV), and all-cause mortality, even after adjusting for age, respiratory symptoms, and smoking. Even in this relatively large cohort, the total number of respiratory deaths was small, and no trend in COPD mortality could be determined over the period of study.
110 citations
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TL;DR: Data suggest that phenotypic similarities in pulmonary function relate directly to genetic similarities, and are consistent with a multifactorial mode of inheritance.
Abstract: Population studies have demonstrated that obstructive airways disease aggregates within families. The authors used a twin family model of analysis to estimate the genetic and environmental influences on pulmonary function. A total of 1,635 members of 414 families of adult twins (252 monozygotic, 162 dizygotic) enrolled in the Greater Boston Twin Registry were studied between 1981 and 1982. Correlations in levels of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), adjusted for age, sex, height, and current smoking status, were compared among 16 groups of relatives sharing various degrees of genetic relatedness. A direct relation between shared genotype and the magnitude of the familial correlations for pulmonary function was observed. For FEV1, the correlations were 0.71 for monozygotic twins (100% shared genotype), 0.16 to 0.29 for relatives with 50% shared genotype, 0.09 to 0.27 for relatives with 25% shared genotype, 0.06 for cousins with 12.5% shared genotype, and -0.14 to 0.14 for unrelated family members. Correlations for FVC were similar. Stratification of the analysis by concordance or discordance for passive tobacco smoke exposure or for frequency with which families visited one another did not systematically alter these relations. These data suggest that phenotypic similarities in pulmonary function relate directly to genetic similarities, and are consistent with a multifactorial mode of inheritance.
110 citations
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University of Manchester1, University of Barcelona2, St George's Hospital3, University of Marburg4, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio5, Imperial College London6, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia7, University of Michigan8, Hokkaido University9, University of British Columbia10
TL;DR: It is recommended that spirometry is required for the clinical diagnosis of COPD to avoid misdiagnosis and to ensure proper evaluation of severity of airflow limitation.
Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease worldwide, according to a study published by the World Bank/World Health Organization. Yet, COPD remains relatively unknown or ignored by the public as well as public health and government officials. In 1998, in an effort to bring more attention to COPD, its management, and its prevention, a committed group of scientists encouraged the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization to form the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Among the important objectives of GOLD are to increase awareness of COPD and to help the millions of people who suffer from this disease and die prematurely of it or its complications. The first step in the GOLD program was to prepare a consensus report, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD, published in 2001. The present, newly revised document follows the same format as the original consensus report, but has been updated to reflect the many publications on COPD that have appeared. GOLD national leaders, a network of international experts, have initiated investigations of the causes and prevalence of COPD in their countries, and developed innovative approaches for the dissemination and implementation of COPD management guidelines. We appreciate the enormous amount of work the GOLD national leaders have done on behalf of their patients with COPD. Despite the achievements in the 5 years since the GOLD report was originally published, considerable additional work is ahead of us if we are to control this major public health problem. The GOLD initiative will continue to bring COPD to the attention of governments, public health officials, health care workers, and the general public, but a concerted effort by all involved in health care will be necessary.
17,023 citations
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TL;DR: Overall health risks exceeded benefits from use of combined estrogen plus progestin for an average 5.2-year follow-up among healthy postmenopausal US women, and the results indicate that this regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prevention of CHD.
Abstract: Context Despite decades of accumulated observational evidence, the balance of risks and benefits for hormone use in healthy postmenopausal women remains uncertain Objective To assess the major health benefits and risks of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the United States Design Estrogen plus progestin component of the Women's Health Initiative, a randomized controlled primary prevention trial (planned duration, 85 years) in which 16608 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years with an intact uterus at baseline were recruited by 40 US clinical centers in 1993-1998 Interventions Participants received conjugated equine estrogens, 0625 mg/d, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, 25 mg/d, in 1 tablet (n = 8506) or placebo (n = 8102) Main outcomes measures The primary outcome was coronary heart disease (CHD) (nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death), with invasive breast cancer as the primary adverse outcome A global index summarizing the balance of risks and benefits included the 2 primary outcomes plus stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, and death due to other causes Results On May 31, 2002, after a mean of 52 years of follow-up, the data and safety monitoring board recommended stopping the trial of estrogen plus progestin vs placebo because the test statistic for invasive breast cancer exceeded the stopping boundary for this adverse effect and the global index statistic supported risks exceeding benefits This report includes data on the major clinical outcomes through April 30, 2002 Estimated hazard ratios (HRs) (nominal 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were as follows: CHD, 129 (102-163) with 286 cases; breast cancer, 126 (100-159) with 290 cases; stroke, 141 (107-185) with 212 cases; PE, 213 (139-325) with 101 cases; colorectal cancer, 063 (043-092) with 112 cases; endometrial cancer, 083 (047-147) with 47 cases; hip fracture, 066 (045-098) with 106 cases; and death due to other causes, 092 (074-114) with 331 cases Corresponding HRs (nominal 95% CIs) for composite outcomes were 122 (109-136) for total cardiovascular disease (arterial and venous disease), 103 (090-117) for total cancer, 076 (069-085) for combined fractures, 098 (082-118) for total mortality, and 115 (103-128) for the global index Absolute excess risks per 10 000 person-years attributable to estrogen plus progestin were 7 more CHD events, 8 more strokes, 8 more PEs, and 8 more invasive breast cancers, while absolute risk reductions per 10 000 person-years were 6 fewer colorectal cancers and 5 fewer hip fractures The absolute excess risk of events included in the global index was 19 per 10 000 person-years Conclusions Overall health risks exceeded benefits from use of combined estrogen plus progestin for an average 52-year follow-up among healthy postmenopausal US women All-cause mortality was not affected during the trial The risk-benefit profile found in this trial is not consistent with the requirements for a viable intervention for primary prevention of chronic diseases, and the results indicate that this regimen should not be initiated or continued for primary prevention of CHD
14,646 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a randomized controlled trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly people was presented. But the authors did not discuss the effect of the combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension.
Abstract: ABCD
: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCESS
: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTIVE I
: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation
AHEAD
: Action for HEAlth in Diabetes
ALLHAT
: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack
ALTITUDE
: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints
ANTIPAF
: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
APOLLO
: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People
ARB
: angiotensin receptor blocker
ARIC
: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
ARR
: aldosterone renin ratio
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASCOT-LLA
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm
ASTRAL
: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions
A-V
: atrioventricular
BB
: beta-blocker
BMI
: body mass index
BP
: blood pressure
BSA
: body surface area
CA
: calcium antagonist
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAPPP
: CAPtopril Prevention Project
CAPRAF
: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CHHIPS
: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration
CONVINCE
: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints
CT
: computed tomography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
D
: diuretic
DASH
: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Study
DIRECT
: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials
DM
: diabetes mellitus
DPP-4
: dipeptidyl peptidase 4
EAS
: European Atherosclerosis Society
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EF
: ejection fraction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
ELSA
: European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
ESH
: European Society of Hypertension
ESRD
: end-stage renal disease
EXPLOR
: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination
FDA
: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEVER
: Felodipine EVent Reduction study
GISSI-AF
: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HBPM
: home blood pressure monitoring
HOPE
: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
HT
: hypertension
HYVET
: HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial
IMT
: intima-media thickness
I-PRESERVE
: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function
INTERHEART
: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
INVEST
: INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril
ISH
: Isolated systolic hypertension
JNC
: Joint National Committee
JUPITER
: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
LAVi
: left atrial volume index
LIFE
: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives
LV
: left ventricle/left ventricular
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
LVM
: left ventricular mass
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MRFIT
: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NORDIL
: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study
OC
: oral contraceptive
OD
: organ damage
ONTARGET
: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PATHS
: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PPAR
: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PREVEND
: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease
PROFESS
: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes
PROGRESS
: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QALY
: Quality adjusted life years
RAA
: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAS
: renin-angiotensin system
RCT
: randomized controlled trials
RF
: risk factor
ROADMAP
: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAST
: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke
SCOPE
: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly
SCORE
: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STOP
: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension
STOP-2
: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension
SYSTCHINA
: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial
SYSTEUR
: SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe
TIA
: transient ischaemic attack
TOHP
: Trials Of Hypertension Prevention
TRANSCEND
: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation
WHO
: World Health Organization
### 1.1 Principles
The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …
14,173 citations
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TL;DR: This research presents a novel and scalable approach called “Standardation of LUNG FUNCTION TESTing” that combines “situational awareness” and “machine learning” to solve the challenge of integrating nanofiltration into the energy system.
Abstract: [⇓][1]
SERIES “ATS/ERS TASK FORCE: STANDARDISATION OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTING”
Edited by V. Brusasco, R. Crapo and G. Viegi
Number 2 in this Series
[1]: #F13
13,426 citations
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12,733 citations