Preface 1: The study of EU foreign policy: Between international relations and European studies - Thomas Christiansen and Ben Tonra 2: Theorising the European Union's foreign policy - Knud Erik Jorgensen 3: International Relations or European integration: Is the CFSP sui generis? - Jakob C. Ohrgaard 4: Foreign policy analysis and European foreign policy - Brian White 5: Discourse analysis in the study of European foreign policy - Henrik Larsen 6: Role-identity and the Europeanisation of foreign policy: A political-cultural approach - Lisbeth Aggestam 7: Interests, institutions and identities in the study of european foreign policy - Adrian Hyde-Price 8: Theory and practice of multi-level foreign policy: European Union's policy in the field of arms export controls - Sibylle Bauer and Eric Remacle 9: Justifying EU foreign policy: The logics underpinning EU enlargement - Helen Sjursen and Karen E. Smith

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Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy

This article examines how European Union member states make choices about political institutions at intergovernmental conferences, the grand negotiations where many key institutional changes are made. Using data on member-state preferences from the intergovernmental conference leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam, I test competing bargaining theories, institutionalism, and intergovernmentalism, and present strong evidence that institutionalism better captures negotiations compared to intergovernmentalism. I present a formal model to discern between these competing theories of bargaining power, derive a statistical model directly from this formal model, and then use data from the European Union's Treaty of Amsterdam to test these theories and corresponding power sources. Veto power associated with institutional models better explains intergovernmental conference outcomes compared to power from size and economic might, often associated with intergovernmental analyses.I would like to thank Kathy Bawn, Julia Gray, Tim Groseclose, James Honaker, Joe Jupille, Thomas Konig, Jeff Lewis, Sven-Oliver Proksch, George Tsebelis, and the participants in UCLA's graduate student formal theory and statistical methods workshops for their insightful comments on various drafts of this article. I am also grateful for the comments from several anonymous reviewers and the editors at International Organization. An earlier version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 2006. Data and replication material are available at 〈http://faculty.unlv.edu/jslapin〉.

Bargaining Power at Europe's Intergovernmental Conferences: Testing Institutional and Intergovernmental Theories

This thesis is an attempt to analyse, in legal terms, the theory and implementation in practice of an "ethical foreign policy" by the European Union. It focuses on relations between the Union and certain developing States. The thesis is primarily composed of two distinct substantive parts. The first substantive part is composed of two chapters. This part firstly investigates which international legal rules authorise or oblige the Union, the European Community or the Member States to promote certain values in third States or in certain circumstances take action. It further examines the legal limits which under international law constrain such policies. It then goes on to examine policy and practice from a Union/Community law perspective. Here the thesis analyses: the relationship between the Union and Community pillars; the instruments available to the Union and Community in the pursuance of foreign policy objectives; and the scope of the Community and Union's competence in implementing an ethical foreign policy. The second substantive part of thesis examines practice. It analyses the importance attached to ethical values and their relationship with other priorities and objectives. Chapter Four examines relations with Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan. Chapter Five looks at relations with the Palestinian Authority and Israel in the overall context of the Middle East Peace Process. Chapter Six examines the Union's policy of humanitarian and emergency aid. The thesis finally attempts to draw some conclusions, as to the efficacy of the policies and instruments utilised and the approaches adopted in practice. It is argued that the Union should concentrate its efforts on certain specific rights and territories and abandon the all-encompassing policy it is currently attempting to implement.

The ethical foreign policy of the European Union: A legal appraisal.

Law enforcement cooperation in the European Union (EU) is booming business, as new actors emerge on the scene and inter-institutional working relationships arise between the different governance levels of policing. This dynamic has been given new impetus as a result of the terrorist attacks against the USA on 11 September 2001. These events have provided the EU with a window of opportunity for the adoption of several new measures in the area of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. This article looks at ways in which an appropriate and measurable accountability system could be developed for an emerging European police governance, thereby taking into account the discussions at EU-level about the review of its administration and the functioning of its institutions. The article analyses the accountability systems which are currently in place for European policing, in particular Europol, by drawing a distinction between internal and external accountability, and by looking at the complementarity...

Towards an Accountability Regime for an Emerging European Policing Governance

La confiscation fait partie des strategies contre la criminalite, en particulier contre la delinquance financiere ; ces strategies sont de plus en plus centrees sur les profits. Dans la premiere partie de l'etude, nous examinons les instruments internationaux contenant des dispositions relatives a la confiscation et a l'entraide aux fins de confiscation. Dans la deuxieme partie, l'accent est mis sur les initiatives de l'UE dans le cadre du renforcement de la cooperation judiciaire penale, en particulier a des fins de confiscation. Dans la troisieme partie, nous examinons les dispositions du droit suisse de la confiscation. Il ressort de notre analyse la necessite d'une adaptation ciblee des instruments nationaux et internationaux en matiere de saisie et de confiscation. A cet egard, il faut optimiser, d'une part, l'efficacite de l'"asset tracing"; d'autre part, il faut assurer la protection des droits des personnes touchees par la saisie et la confiscation.

Confiscation internationale: instruments internationaux, droit de l’Union européenne, droit suisse

In this European Dossier, Franklyn de Housse, who was the Belgian representative on the Reflection group for the Intergovernmental Conference, provides an insider's analysis of the results of the Amsterdam Summit.

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Amsterdam : the making of a treaty

One of the objectives of the 1996-1997 Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) was to improve the functioning of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). This was expressly foreseen in the Maastricht Treaty with regard to defence problems. The mandate of the IGC was in fact much broader.1 The results, however, have been quite limited. To give a quick summary, the intergovernmental nature of the CFSP has not been modified. The Treaty of Amsterdam has rationalized the CFSP instruments. The system of qualified majority voting has been simplified, but still allows the use of national vetoes. It has complicated both the decision-making and implementation processes. Finally, a slightly improved long-term perspective on the integration of defence has been exchanged for an equally slightly improved confirmation of NATO's supremacy in the defence realm. The first part of this report looks at the stakes of the debate. The solutions adopted are then examined in the second part This analysis enables us to draw clear conclusions regarding the objectives of the CFSP and the requirements they imply for the Member States.

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After Amsterdam: A Report on the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the AFCO Committee, examines the impact for the European Union’s legal system and institutions of a “bespoke” agreement based on a “distant” cooperation model (with the EU/Ukraine and the EU/Canada agreements as main illustrations). The analysis of these agreements’ main characteristics reveals that even “distant” cooperation already has quite impressive consequences. These should be better taken into consideration in the present Brexit negotiation. ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs and was commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: poldep-citizens@europarl.europa.eu RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR Eeva PAVY Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: poldep-citizens@europarl.europa.eu AUTHOR Franklin DEHOUSSE, Professor of International Economic Law, University of Liège

Franklin Dehousse

Papers

Amsterdam : the making of a treaty

After Amsterdam: A Report on the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union

The Institutional Consequences of a ‘Bespoke’ Agreement with the UK based on a ‘Distant’ Cooperation Model

Le traité de Maastricht et les relations extérieures de la Communauté européenne

The EU–US Dispute concerning the New American Rules of Origin for Textile Products