Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing

Unraveling the Mystery of Health

This paper presents updated recommendations of the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics for age estimations in living individuals in criminal proceedings. In order to increase the diagnostic accuracy and to improve the identification of age-relevant developmental disorders, a physical examination, an X-ray examination of the left hand, as well as a dental examination including the determination of the dental status and an X-ray of the dentition should be performed in each case. If the skeletal development of the hand is completed, an additional radiological examination of the clavicles should be carried out. Minimum requirements for reference studies are defined and recommendable studies are listed. Instructions for the examination and the preparation of expert reports are presented. The committee of the study group organizes annual proficiency tests for quality assurance.

/pdf/criteria-for-age-estimation-in-living-individuals-2oi0o93jaq.pdf

Criteria for age estimation in living individuals.

Radiological assessment of the degree of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage plays a vital part in forensic age diagnosis of living adolescents and young adults. A total of 873 plain chest radiographs requested by the staff medical officer for members of staff aged 16–30 at the University Hospital Charite were evaluated retrospectively. Of these X-rays 699 permitted an assessment of ossification of at least 1 side of the clavicle. In addition to the customary stages (1: non-ossified epiphysis, 2: discernible ossification centre, 3: partial fusion, 4: total fusion) a stage 5 was also defined, characterised by the disappearance of the epiphyseal scar following total fusion. The earliest age at which stage 3 was detected in either gender was 16 years. Stage 4 was first observed in women at 20 years and in men at 21 years. In both genders, the earliest observation of stage 5 was at 26 years. It was concluded that plain chest radiographs can essentially be used to assess clavicular ossification. In practice, if overlap in posterior-anterior views impedes evaluation, a lateral view should also be taken to facilitate age estimation. In forensic practice the reference values of the present paper should be applied.

Studies on the time frame for ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage in conventional radiography

/pdf/entwicklungstendenzen-und-reformstrategien-im-3q51498cf6.pdf

Entwicklungstendenzen und Reformstrategien im Jugendstrafrecht im europäischen Vergleich

This article investigates the prevalence of traumatization and mental distress in a sample of 1055 male European long-term prisoners as part of a wider study of the living conditions of prisoners s...

Traumatization and mental distress in long-term prisoners in Europe

Part 1 1. Introduction, Nicola Padfield, Dirk van Zyl Smit and Frieder Dunkel 2. The European Dimension to the Release of Sentenced Prisoners, John R. Spencer and Dirk van Zyl Smit Part 2: Country Perspectives 3. Austria, Karin Bruckmuller and Veronika Hofinger 4. Belgium, Sonja Snacken, Kristel Beyens and Marie-Aude Beernaert 5. England and Wales, Nicola Padfield 6. Finland, Tapio Lappi-Seppala 7. France, Kim Reuflet 8. Germany, Frieder Dunkel and Ineke Pruin 9. Greece, Leonidas K. Cheliotis with the Assistance of Ioannis Papageorgiou 10. Ireland, Thomas O'Malley 11. Italy, Alessandra Gualazzi and Chiara Mancuso 12. The Netherlands, Martin Moerings 13. Scotland, Douglas Thomson 14. Slovenia, Katja Sugman Stubbs and Matjaz Ambroz 15. Spain, Jose Cid and Beatriz Tebar Part 3: Converging Themes 16. Concluding Thoughts, Nicola Padfield, Dirk van Zyl Smit and Frieder Dunkel

Release from Prison : European Policy and Practice

This book describes the purposes and other aspects of imprisonment in various societies, addressing broad questions of penal policy Twenty-three national overviews generally discuss quantitative developments, types of prisons, organisational structures, the legal framework and specific problems such as complaints procedures, judicial control of prison administration, medical treatment of prisoners, prison labour, visits and outside contacts, security measures, control of the early release of sentenced prisoners, etc The country reports included are: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England and Wales, Federal Republic of Germany, France, German Democratic Republic, Hong Kong, Hungary, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, The People's Republic of China, Poland, Scotland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States and the United Nations

Imprisonment today and tomorrow : international perspectives on prisoners' rights and prison conditions

Prison population rates in many European countries have increased until the beginning of the 21st century. Prison overcrowding and questions around the ‘New Punitiveness’ have dominated the discour...

Frieder Dünkel

Papers

Entwicklungstendenzen und Reformstrategien im Jugendstrafrecht im europäischen Vergleich

Traumatization and mental distress in long-term prisoners in Europe

Release from Prison : European Policy and Practice

Imprisonment today and tomorrow : international perspectives on prisoners' rights and prison conditions

European penology: The rise and fall of prison population rates in Europe in times of migrant crises and terrorism: