In the nineteen years since EGS4 was released, it has been used in a wide variety of applications, particularly in medical physics, radiation measurement studies, and industrial development. Every new user and every new application bring new challenges for Monte Carlo code designers, and code refinements and bug fixes eventually result in a code that becomes difficult to maintain. Several of the code modifications represented significant advances in electron and photon transport physics, and required a more substantial invocation than code patching. Moreover, the arcane MORTRAN3[48] computer language of EGS4, was highest on the complaint list of the users of EGS4. The size of the EGS4 user base is difficult to measure, as there never existed a formal user registration process. However, some idea of the numbers may be gleaned from the number of EGS4 manuals that were produced and distributed at SLAC: almost three thousand. Consequently, the EGS5 project was undertaken. It was decided to employ the FORTRAN 77 compiler, yet include as much as possible, the structural beauty and power of MORTRAN3. This report consists of four chapters and several appendices. Chapter 1 is an introduction to EGS5 and to this report in general. We suggest that youmore » read it. Chapter 2 is a major update of similar chapters in the old EGS4 report[126] (SLAC-265) and the old EGS3 report[61] (SLAC-210), in which all the details of the old physics (i.e., models which were carried over from EGS4) and the new physics are gathered together. The descriptions of the new physics are extensive, and not for the faint of heart. Detailed knowledge of the contents of Chapter 2 is not essential in order to use EGS, but sophisticated users should be aware of its contents. In particular, details of the restrictions on the range of applicability of EGS are dispersed throughout the chapter. First-time users of EGS should skip Chapter 2 and come back to it later if necessary. With the release of the EGS4 version, a deliberate attempt was made to present example problems in order to help the user ''get started'', and we follow that spirit in this report. A series of elementary tutorial user codes are presented in Chapter 3, with more sophisticated sample user codes described in Chapter 4. Novice EGS users will find it helpful to read through the initial sections of the EGS5 User Manual (provided in Appendix B of this report), proceeding then to work through the tutorials in Chapter 3. The User Manuals and other materials found in the appendices contain detailed flow charts, variable lists, and subprogram descriptions of EGS5 and PEGS. Included are step-by-step instructions for developing basic EGS5 user codes and for accessing all of the physics options available in EGS5 and PEGS. Once acquainted with the basic structure of EGS5, users should find the appendices the most frequently consulted sections of this report.« less

The EGS5 code system

Single crystals for radiation detectors

The EGS** system of computer codes is a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles with energies above a few keV up to several TeV The current version is the EGS4 Code System by Nelson, Hirayama and Rogers1, which is more commonly referred to as EGS4

Structure and Operation of the EGS4 Code System

The authors review the techniques used to measure the energy of elementary particles. The methods discussed span more than 20 orders of magnitude in energy, ranging from a small fraction of an electronvolt, where relic remainders of the Big Bang are being looked for, to the 1020 eV domain, where the highest-energy cosmic rays can be found. The emphasis is, however, on techniques employed in particle physics for studying collision processes at accelerators in the GeV-TeV range.

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Energy measurement of elementary particles

Experimental particle physicists study the fundamental structure of matter with a variety of approaches, which may be subdivided in two classes: accelerator and non-accelerator experiments. Accelerator experiments have the advantage of well-controlled experimental circumstances, non-accelerator experiments offer the possibility of studying processes that are not accessible to the available accelerator technology.

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Calorimetry in High Energy Physics

A prototye NaI(Tl) detector (the Cluster of 54) of spherical geometry subtending a solid angle of 7.5% of 4? at its center, has recently been assembled and tested. This detector consisted of 54 close-packed but optically isolated NaI(Tl) modules and the associated electronic circuitry. The Cluster of 54 is the predecessor of an almost complete spherical detector, the Crystal Ball, which will cover 94% of 4?. The latter detector is now under construction and is especially designed for the study of ?-rays produced in electron-positron collisions at colliding beam facilities. This article will outline the mechanical, optical, and electronic assembly of the prototype system. Cluster of 54 test data will be presented.

Design and Performance of a Modularized NaI(Tl) Detector (The Crystal Ball Prototype)

The properties of detector arrays made up of NaI(Tl) Polyscin modules 20 in. deep and of hexagonal cross section and the development of a Monte Carlo code of general use in the design of such detectors are described. The use of modularized NaI(Tl) detectors in the study of a new spectroscopy of ?-rays in high energy physics is outlined.

G. I. Kirkbride

Papers

Design and Performance of a Modularized NaI(Tl) Detector (The Crystal Ball Prototype)

Performance of Large, Modularized NaI(Tl) Detectors