Many different types of electric vehicle (EV) charging technologies are described in literature and implemented in practical applications. This paper presents an overview of the existing and proposed EV charging technologies in terms of converter topologies, power levels, power flow directions and charging control strategies. An overview of the main charging methods is presented as well, particularly the goal is to highlight an effective and fast charging technique for lithium ions batteries concerning prolonging cell cycle life and retaining high charging efficiency. Once presented the main important aspects of charging technologies and strategies, in the last part of this paper, through the use of genetic algorithm, the optimal size of the charging systems is estimated and, on the base of a sensitive analysis, the possible future trends in this field are finally valued.

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Electric Vehicles Charging Technology Review and Optimal Size Estimation

A full-bridge LLC resonant converter with series-parallel connected transformers for an onboard battery charger of electric vehicles is proposed, which can realize zero voltage switching turn-on of power switches and zero current switching turn-off of rectifier diodes. In this converter, two same small transformers are employed instead of the single transformer in the traditional LLC resonant converter. The primary windings of these two transformers are series-connected to obtain equal primary current, while the secondary windings are parallel-connected to be provided with the same secondary voltage, so the power can be automatically balanced. Series-connection can reduce the turns of primary windings. Parallel-connection can reduce the current stress of the secondary windings and the conduction loss of rectifier diodes. Compared with the traditional LLC resonant converter with single transformer under same power level, the smaller low-profile cores can be used to reduce the transformers loss and improve heat dissipation. In this paper, the operating principle, steady state analysis, and design of the proposed converter are described, simulation and experimental prototype of the proposed LLC converter is established to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

Full-Bridge LLC Resonant Converter With Series-Parallel Connected Transformers for Electric Vehicle On-Board Charger

In this brief, a new interleaved ac–dc converter with a reduced number of semiconductor components for high power energy storage applications is proposed. The interleaved structure reduces the ac side current ripple as well as increases the overall current rating. Moreover, the proposed switching pattern reduces switching and the developed controller provides reactive power control during both power flow directions. The proposed structure is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink software, and a 3.5 kW prototype of the system has been implemented in the lab. The results confirm the performance of the proposed topology. There is a seamless transition between operation with different power factors and the current ripple is significantly reduced.

An Interleaved Bi-Directional AC–DC Converter With Reduced Switches and Reactive Power Control

In recent years, health applications based on the internet of medical things have exploded in popularity in smart cities (IoMT). Many real-time systems help both patients and professionals by allowing remote data access and appropriate responses. The major research problems include making timely medical judgments and efficiently managing massive data utilising IoT-based resources. Furthermore, in many proposed solutions, the dispersed nature of data processing openly raises the risk of information leakage and compromises network integrity. Medical sensors are burdened by such solutions, which reduce the stability of real-time transmission systems. As a result, this study provides a machine-learning approach with SDN-enabled security to forecast network resource usage and enhance sensor data delivery. With a low administration cost, the software define network (SDN) design allows the network to resist dangers among installed sensors. It provides an unsupervised machine learning approach that reduces IoT network communication overheads and uses dynamic measurements to anticipate link status and refines its tactics utilising SDN architecture. Finally, the SDN controller employs a security mechanism to efficiently regulate the consumption of IoT nodes while also protecting them against unidentified events. When the number of nodes and data production rate varies, the suggested approach enhances network speed. As a result, to organise the nodes in a cluster, the suggested model uses an iterative centroid technique. By balancing network demand via durable connections, the multihop transmission technique for routing IoT data improves speed while simultaneously lowering the energy hole problem.

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Implementation of Combined Machine Learning with the Big Data Model in IoMT Systems for the Prediction of Network Resource Consumption and Improving the Data Delivery

Power Factor Correction (PFC) single-phase AC/DC converters are used in several power electronics applications as full wave control rectifiers improving power quality and providing high standards of efficiency. Many papers dealing with the description or use of such topologies have been published in recent years; however, a review that describes and organizes their specific details has not been reported in the technical literature. Therefore, this paper presents an extensive review of PFC single-phase AC/DC converters operating with the Boost converter topology for low and medium voltage as well as and power appliances. A categorization of bridge, semi-bridgeless, and bridgeless, in accordance with the construction characteristics, was carried out in order to unify the technical terminology. Benefits and disadvantages are described and analyzed in detail. Furthermore, a comparison performance in terms of PFC, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), power capacity, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), number of elements, and efficiency is included.

PFC Single-Phase AC/DC Boost Converters: Bridge, Semi-Bridgeless, and Bridgeless Topologies

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) charger adapter consists of an AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) circuit accompanied by a full-bridge isolated DC/DC converter. This paper introduces an efficient two-stage charger topology with an improved PFC rectifier as front-end and a high-frequency zero voltage switching (ZVS). Current switching (ZCS) DC/DC converter is the second part. The front-end converter is chosen as bridgeless interleaved (BLIL) boost converter, as it provides the advantages like lessened input current ripple, capacitor voltage ripple, and electromagnetic interference. Resettable integrator (RI) control technique is employed for PFC and DC voltage regulation. The controller achieves nonlinear switching converter control and makes it more resilient with the faster transient response and input noise rejection. The second stage incorporates a resonant circuit, which helps in achieving ZVS/ZCS for inverter switches and rectifier diodes. PI controller with phase shift modulator is used for second-stage converter. It improves the overall efficacy of the charger by lowering the switching losses, lowering the voltage stress on the power semiconductor devices, and reversing recovery losses of the diodes. The simulations and experimental results infer that the overall charging efficiency increases to 96.5%, which is 3% higher than the conventional two-stage approach using the interleaved converter.

An Effective Charger for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) with an Enhanced PFC Rectifier and ZVS-ZCS DC/DC High-Frequency Converter

Small Signal Modeling of a DC-DC Type Double Boost Converter Integrated with SEPIC Converter Using State Space Averaging Approach

The front end AC/DC converter of level-II battery chargers consists of a full bridge rectifier for conversion which leads to power losses and thermal management problem at higher loads this makes the converter performance less efficient. The proposed converter Semi-Bridgeless PFC boost converter is used to achieve high efficiency, low power losses with power factor closer to unity at higher loads. The current sharing between the semiconductor devices used in the circuit makes the converter to operate at higher loads unlike conventional topologies. This paper deals with the implementation of One-Cycle Control or Integration Reset Technique in semi-bridgeless PFC boost converter. It employs a resettable integrator which control the input current to be in phase with voltage to achieve power factor closer to unity. The advantage of this technique is that it requires only one voltage, current sensor and no multipliers which makes the control technique a cost-effective solution. The circuit simulation work is done using PSIM software.

Integrator controlled semi-bridgelesss PFC boost converter

Typical Battery charger mainly consists of two stages: AC to DC stage employing boost or interleaved boost converter where power factor correction is taken care by employing suitable control technique and boosting voltage level to an intermediate dc bus level. The second stage is DC/DC stage where the voltage is regulated according to the battery requirement and provides the galvanic isolation for onboard battery chargers. This paper discusses about battery charger consisting of interleaved ac/dc boost converter with average current mode control technique combined with an isolated DC/DC converter. The first stage involves in making the input power factor acceptable to the standards and regulating dc link bus voltage and the second stage provides galvanic isolation. In addition the dc-dc converter achieves ZVS turn-on, ZCS turn-off for the inverter switches and ZCS turn-on, ZCS turn-off for the rectifier diodes, thus improving the efficiency of the circuit. The prototype is simulated for 200 watts using PSIM 9.1. From the results, the overall efficiency of the battery charger obtained is around 94.7% with improved input power factor of 0.95.

Battery charger for automotive applications

In this paper, a new semi-bridgeless interleaved (SBLIL) boost rectifier topology as front end converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is proposed. The proposed rectifier topology achi...

G. Kanimozhi

Papers

An Effective Charger for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) with an Enhanced PFC Rectifier and ZVS-ZCS DC/DC High-Frequency Converter

Small Signal Modeling of a DC-DC Type Double Boost Converter Integrated with SEPIC Converter Using State Space Averaging Approach

Integrator controlled semi-bridgelesss PFC boost converter

Battery charger for automotive applications

Semibridgeless Interleaved PFC Boost Rectifier for PHEV Battery Chargers