G. T. Nightingale

Bio: G. T. Nightingale is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Nitrate & Phosphate. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 19 citations.

Potassium and Phosphate Nutrition of Pineapple in Relation to Nitrate and Carbohydrate Reserves

Abstract: 1. In the pineapple plant a low reserve of nitrate was found adequate for greatest possible yields of fruit when carbohydrates were low. In contrast, when carbohydrates were high maximum production was not obtained unless the plants were essentially filled to capacity with nitrate. In practically the same location a difference of 75 per cent in nitrogen requirements was found in successive years (37). 2. When the concentration of carbohydrates is low and relatively little nitrate therefore supplied, phosphate is freely absorbed, even from soils rather low in phosphorus. In the same site under environmental conditions more favorable for carbohydrate accumulation more nitrate is needed. With higher nitrate there is a proximately corresponding suppression of phosphate absorption, so that it becomes necessary to apply phosphate. 3. The required level of nitrate nutrition, which varies with opportunity for carbohydrate accumulation, is intimately associated with potassium requirements. Under field conditions i...

The absorption and availability of nitrate and ammonia

Abstract: This section is concerned with those environmental and plant variables which control the uptake of ammonium salts and nitrates and their utilisation as nitrogen sources. The origin of these salts and their distribution in soils are considered in the preceding section (p. 119) and elsewhere in this Handbook. The enzymic reduction of nitrate within the plant will be dealt with in Section II D, a (p. 201). Assessment of the relevance of data on nitrate and ammonium uptake to the general question of the mechanisms of salt absorption is not considered to be within the scope of the present section. Since the early history of our knowledge of the forms of nitrogen utilised by green plants has been reviewed by various authors (Hutchinson and Miller 1909, 1912, Nightingale 1937, Wilson 1940, Prianischnikov 1951), this aspect will also not be given detailed treatment.

Adubação N-P-K e o desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos do abacaxi 'gold' (MD-2)

Abstract: O abacaxi Gold (MD-2) tem atraido interesse no Brasil, visando a exportacao. No entanto, ha poucas informacoes cientificas no Pais sobre o manejo nutricional dessa cultivar. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o efeito da adubacao com N, P e K no estado nutricional da planta, no desenvolvimento, na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos do abacaxi MD-2. Foram avaliados os efeitos de cinco doses de N, cinco de P2O5 e cinco de K 2O sobre as caracteristicas de crescimento da folha D e do fruto, bem como sobre os teores de N, P e K das folhas D e as caracteristicas de qualidade do fruto. Concluiu-se que as maiores produtividade e massa de fruto foram obtidas com a aplicacao de 650,6 kg ha-1 de N e 735,9 kg ha-1 de K2O, correspondendo a 12,7 e 14,4 g/planta de N e K2O, respectivamente. Nesse caso, a inducao floral deve ser recomendada quando a folha D apresentar comprimento > 75,5 cm. Os valores das caracteristicas de qualidade do fruto diminuiram com a aplicacao de N e aumentaram com a adicao de P e K, sendo que as doses maximas de 205,8 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 703,4 kg ha-1 de K2O corresponderam a 4,01 e 13,7 g/planta de N e K2O, respectivamente.

Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry

Abstract: The date pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) was introduced to Hawaii is not known, but its presence was first recorded in 1813. When American missionaries first arrived in Hawaii in 1820, pineapple was found growing wild and in gardens and small plots. The pineapple canning industry began in Baltimore in the mid-1860s and used fruit imported from the Caribbean. The export-based Hawaii pineapple industry was developed by an entrepreneurial group of California migrants whoarrivedinHawaiiin1898andthewell-connectedJamesD.Dole whoarrivedin1899.Thefirstprofitablelotof cannedpineappleswasproducedbyDole'sHawaiianPineappleCompanyin1903andtheindustrygrewrapidlyfromthere. Difficulties encountered in production and processing as the industry grew included low yields resulting from severe iron chlorosis and the use of low plant populations, mealybug wilt that devastated whole fields, inadequate machinery that limited cannery capacity, and lack of or poorly developed markets for the industry's canned fruit. The major production problems were solved by public- and industry-funded research and innovation in the field and in the cannery. An industry association and industry-funded cooperative marketing efforts, initially led by James Dole, helped to expand the market for canned pineapple. Industry innovations were many and included: selection of 'Smooth Cayenne' pineapple as the most productive cultivar with the best quality fruit for canning; identification of the cause of manganese-induced iron chlorosis and its control with biweekly iron sulphate sprays; the use of mulch paper and the mechanization of its application, which increased yields by more than 20 t·ha L1 ; and the invention of the Ginaca peeler-corer machine, which greatly sped cannery throughput. Nematodes were also a serious problem for the industry, which resulted in the discovery and development of nematicides in the 1930s. As a result, by 1930 Hawaii led the world in the production of canned pineapple and had the world's largest canneries. Production and sale of canned pineapple fell sharply during the world depression that began in 1929. However, the formation of an industry cartel to control output and marketing of canned pineapple, aggressive industry-funded marketing programs, and rapid growth in the volume of canned juice after 1933 restored industry profitability. Although the industry supported the world's largest pineapple breeding program from 1914 until 1986, no cultivars emerged that replaced 'Smooth Cayenne' for canning. The lack of success was attributed in part to the superiority of 'Smooth Cayenne' in the field and the cannery, but also to the difficulty in producing defect-free progeny from crosses between highly heterozygous parents that were self-incompatible. Production of canned pineapple peaked in 1957, but the stage was set for the decline of the Hawaii industry when Del Monte, one of Hawaii's largest canners, established the Philippine Packing Corporation (PPC) in the Philippines in the 1930s. The expansion of the PPC after World War II, followed by the establishment of plantations and canneries by Castle and Cooke's Dole division in the Philippines in 1964 and in Thailand in 1972, sped the decline. The decline occurred mainly because foreign-based canneries had labor costs approximately one-tenth those in Hawaii. As the Hawaii canneries closed, the industry gradually shifted to the production of fresh pineapples. During that transition, the pineapple breeding program of the Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii produced the MD-2 pineapple cultivar, now the world's pre-eminent fresh fruit cultivar. However, the first and major beneficiary of that cultivar was Costa Rica where Del Monte had established a fresh fruit plantation in the late 1970s. Dole Food Co. and Maui Gold Pineapple Co. continue to produce fresh pineapples in Hawaii, mostly for the local market. All of the canneries eventually closed, the last one on Maui in 2007.

Evaluation and control of the nutritional status of cereals: II. Pure-effect of a nutrient

Abstract: SummaryThe concept of varying pure-effects of nutrients on final yield, implying that all other growth factors are optimal relative to the concentration of the relevant nutrient, led to determination of reliable absolute and relative reference values for evaluating the nutritional status of young plants based on their chemical composition.The reference values were established from selected experimental data belonging to upper borderlines in the relationships between grain yield and concentrations of various nutrients in aerial parts of oats and spring wheat at fixed dry matter weight levels (DMw-levels).The selected data suggested definite absolutely optimal concentrations and varying relatively optimal concentrations of various nutrients, the latter dependent on the concentration of the ‘pure’-effect nutrient.Absolutely and relatively optimal concentrations of various nutrients in young plants at fixed DMw-levels constitute the foundation for developing methods of diagnosis and prognosis.