The energy requirements are globally on a rapid escalation, as technology advances, which is also true for a developing country like Nigeria, which is dependent on fossil fuels and its derivatives Apart from its adverse effect on its economy, it has also negative impacts on the health and the environment, in general However, investments in renewable energy are faced by the competitive oil prices, the very high investment cost for renewable energy, and high local electricity prices This paper appraises the attractiveness of investing in renewable energy sources over the continued use of non-edible oil for electricity generation This paper explores the application of biomass seed oil to produce a renewable fuel (biodiesel) using heterogeneous base catalyst Meanwhile, two-step processes were employed to produce the biofuel In the first step (esterification), the acid value of the oil was reduced to the recommended limit (FFA ≤ 15) using H2SO4, while in the second step (transesterification), the catalyst calcination of grounded Brette Pearl Spar Mable (BPSM) pre-soaked in methanol was used as a biobase for biodiesel production For the optimization, minitab response surface (MRS) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to model and optimize the process variables responsible for the optimum production of the oil and the biodiesel The result presented showed that T peruviana seed was found to be rich in oil with an average yield of 4400% (w/w), and the oil was highly unsaturated with a high FFA The maximum experimental biodiesel yield obtained was 8600% at a catalyst amount of 4 g, a reaction time of 70 min, and a methanol/oil ratio of 01(v/v) This result was validated in triplicate under the same conditions, which yielded 8570% (v/v) for MRS and 8598% (v/v) for ANN Furthermore, the optimization results also indicated that the p values (p < 005) of the model terms were significant, and the accuracy of the models achieved by MRS and ANN based on R2 depict that both optimization tools gave good predictions of R2 (MRS: R2 = 9998% and ANN: R2 = 9997%) The properties of the biodiesel, as described in other earlier reports using the same feedstock with different catalysts, indicated that the produced biodiesel had properties which agreed to those reported in the literature T peruviana seed has proved to be a good biomass raw material for oil production, and its conversion to biofuel using a heterogeneous biobase catalyst showed its suitability as a renewable environmental friendly fuel Government should invest in more sustainable sources of energy by imposing law for the use of non-edible oil or decreasing the price of electricity

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Brette Pearl Spar Mable (BPSM): a potential recoverable catalyst as a renewable source of biodiesel from Thevetia peruviana seed oil for the benefit of sustainable development in West Africa

Extraction and Characterization of Crop Oil from Seed Kernels of Feun Kase (Thevetia peruviana)

Rheological and physicochemical characteristics of edible oils used for biodiesel production are well established; nonetheless, the rheological and physicochemical characteristics of nonedible oils are yet to be established. The present study therefore focuses on rheological and physicochemical characterization of nonedible vegetable oils that can be used as biodiesel feedstock. The selected vegetable oils studied include cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), castor oil (CO), Croton megalocarpus oil (CMO), Podocarpus usambarensis oil (PUO), and Thevetia peruviana oil (TPO). Physicochemical parameters analyzed were free fatty acids, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value, specific gravity, and moisture content using methods by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Rheological properties were analyzed using a VT-550 Thermo Haake Viscotester operated by the Rheowin 3 Job Manager software. The preset parameters in the Viscotester were shear rate and temperature. The shear rate increased uniformly from 5 to 100 s–1 at the temperature range of 30–60 °C. The experimental data were fitted into rheological models of Newton, Bingham, Ostwald–de Waele (power-law), and Herschel–Bulkley using Rheowin 3 Data Manager. The oil yield was 29–65%, highlighting the feedstock’s potential for commercial biodiesel production. At a constant temperature, all oil samples exhibited a Newtonian flow behavior. In contrast to edible oils, nonedible oils exhibited high shear stress, emphasizing the reconstruction of new appropriate designs of production systems. The rheological models appropriate to represent the flow behavior of the samples were the Newton and Ostwald–de Waele models, with a fit of R2 = 0.990–1.000.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.2c02960

Rheological and Physicochemical Analysis of Nonedible Oils Used for Biodiesel Production

Influence of Oxygenated Fuel and Additives in Biofuel Run Compression Ignition Engine

Biodiesel attracts much attention among researchers due to utilization of residual oils and fats as feedstocks and solid materials as heterogeneous catalysts. A transesterification between triglyceride and alcohol with a catalyst produces biodiesel. The aim of the chapter is to present the mathematical modelling and process simulation of transesterification reaction from non-edible yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) oil and waste chicken fat. Seeds of T. peruviana were collected, extracted oil and reacted with methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol using alkaline potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to produce biodiesel. Oil was extracted from waste chicken fat and reacted with methyl alcohol using Candida rugosa lipase as a catalyst to produce biodiesel.

Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible Yellow Oleander (Yellow Bells) Oil and Waste Chicken Fat

Background: There is increasing emphasis on renewable energy following recurrent economic crises and environmental concerns associated with the use of fossil fuels such as petrodiesel. Research into biodiesel production from oil-bearing renewable biomass sources can provide a more sustainable alternative to petrodiesel. This study evaluated the biodiesel yielding potential of Thevetia peruviana seeds. Methods: Oil was extracted from the seeds using Soxhlet and Cold-solvent extraction methods. Hexane-only (H-only) was used in the Soxhlet while Hexane/Ether (H/E) mixture and H-only were respectively used in the Cold extraction. The oil was processed using Methanol/Ethanol (M/E) mixture and Methanol-only (M-only) respectively to biodiesel via transesterification with sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The oil and biodiesel physicochemical parameters such as density, viscosity at 40oC, Saponification value, Flash Point (FP) and Acid Value (AV) were determined using the American Standard for Testing and Material (ASTM D6751) methods. Results: The oil yields from Soxhlet, H/E and H-only extractions were: 62.3%, 51.9% and 45.8% respectively. The biodiesel yield in the M/E and M-only transesterifications were: 78.4% and 85.20% respectively. The density at 40oC, viscosity, and saponification value of the oil were: 0.868g/cm3, 21.50mm2/s and 120mgKOH/g respectively. The density at 40oC, viscosity, FP and AV of the biodiesel were: 0.760g/cm3, 4.70mm2/s, 130oC and 0.441mgKOH/g respectively. Conclusion: The seeds of Thevetia peruviana are viable sources for biodiesel production, and quality parameters of the biodiesel met the American Standard for Testing and Materials limits. However, further work to explore the optimization of the process and sustainability of the model is recommended.

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G Udofia Bassey

Papers

Characterization of Oil and Biodiesel Produced from Thevetia peruviana (Yellow Oleander) Seeds