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Gabrielle Gaustad

Bio: Gabrielle Gaustad is an academic researcher from Rochester Institute of Technology. The author has contributed to research in topics: Scrap & Battery (electricity). The author has an hindex of 25, co-authored 74 publications receiving 2681 citations. Previous affiliations of Gabrielle Gaustad include Massachusetts Institute of Technology & University of Rochester.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
11 Oct 2017-Joule
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors track the metal content associated with compounds used in lithium-ion battery (LIB) and find that most of the key constituents, including manganese, nickel, and natural graphite, have sufficient supply to meet the anticipated increase in demand for LIBs.

808 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a future oriented material flow analysis (MFA) was used to estimate the volume of lithium-ion battery wastes to be potentially generated in the United States due to electric vehicle (EV) deployment in the near and long term future.
Abstract: As a proactive step towards understanding future waste management challenges, this paper presents a future oriented material flow analysis (MFA) used to estimate the volume of lithium-ion battery (LIB) wastes to be potentially generated in the United States due to electric vehicle (EV) deployment in the near and long term future. Because future adoption of LIB and EV technology is uncertain, a set of scenarios was developed to bound the parameters most influential to the MFA model and to forecast “low,” “baseline,” and “high” projections of future end-of-life battery outflows from years 2015 to 2040. These models were implemented using technology forecasts, technical literature, and bench-scale data characterizing battery material composition. Considering the range from the most conservative to most extreme estimates, a cumulative outflow between 0.33 million metric tons and 4 million metric tons of lithium-ion cells could be generated between 2015 and 2040. Of this waste stream, only 42% of the expected materials (by weight) is currently recycled in the U.S., including metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, nickel, and steel. Another 10% of the projected EV battery waste stream (by weight) includes two high value materials that are currently not recycled at a significant rate: lithium and manganese. The remaining fraction of this waste stream will include materials with low recycling potential, for which safe disposal routes must be identified. Results also indicate that because of the potential “lifespan mismatch” between battery packs and the vehicles in which they are used, batteries with high reuse potential may also be entering the waste stream. As such, a robust end-of-life battery management system must include an increase in reuse avenues, expanded recycling capacity, and ultimate disposal routes that minimize risk to human and environmental health.

317 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of upgrading technologies available at both the industrial and lab-scale to improve aluminum scrap purity and facilitate recycling can be found in this paper, where the authors provide a trade-off between cost and efficacy (tramp removal).
Abstract: Aluminum recycling has a number of key environmental and economic benefits. With these energy and cost savings in mind, many producers now have targets of increasing their usage of secondary materials. However, the accumulation of impurities in these recycled material streams may provide a significant compositional barrier to these goals. A growing number of studies and literature suggest that accumulation of unwanted elements is a growing problem; for the case of aluminum, the list of problematic impurities is quite large, including but not limited to Si, Mg, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Fe, Cu, V, and Mn. The removal of unwanted elements in the scrap stream is dictated by the energy considerations of the melt process. Compared to many metals, it is challenging to remove tramp elements from aluminium. Therefore, with no simple thermodynamic solution, producers must identify strategies throughout the production process to mitigate this elemental accumulation. There are a variety of solutions to deal with accumulation of undesired elements; each presents a trade-off between cost and efficacy (tramp removal). Dilution with primary is the most common solution used in industry today; this has a negative impact on recycling as the required dilution results in a compositionally determined cap to recycling rates. This article provides an overview of the expanse of upgrading technologies available at both the industrial and lab-scale to improve aluminum scrap purity and facilitate recycling.

256 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and applied an optimization model to analyze the profitability of recycling facilities given current estimates of lithium-ion battery technologies, commodity market prices of materials expected to be recovered, and material composition for three common battery types (differentiated on the basis of cathode chemistry).
Abstract: While lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology has improved substantially to achieve better performance in a wide variety of applications, this technological progress has led to a diverse mix of batteries in use that ultimately require waste management Development of a robust end-of-life battery infrastructure requires a better understanding of how to maximize the economic opportunity of battery recycling while mitigating the uncertainties associated with a highly variable waste stream This paper develops and applies an optimization model to analyze the profitability of recycling facilities given current estimates of LIB technologies, commodity market prices of materials expected to be recovered, and material composition for three common battery types (differentiated on the basis of cathode chemistry) Sensitivity analysis shows that the profitability is highly dependent on the expected mix of cathode chemistries in the waste stream and the resultant variability in material mass and value The potential values of waste streams comprised of different cathode chemistry types show a variability ranging from $860 per ton 1 for LiMn2O4 cathode batteries to $8900 per ton for LiCoO2 cathode batteries In addition, these initial results and a policy case study can also help to promote end-of-life management and relative policymaking for spent LIBs

191 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conduct a literature review combined with case study analysis to examine how certain firms assess and monitor their vulnerability to critical material supply chain issues and provide specific business examples for integrating circularity strategies.
Abstract: Raw materials deemed critical are defined as having potential issues in their supply, limited substitutes, and applications of importance, namely in clean energy, defense, healthcare, and electronics. Disruptions in supply of critical materials can have serious negative repercussions for firms, consumers, and economies. One potential set of mitigation strategies for firms dealing with criticality issues is the implementation of circular economy principles in their supply chain, operations, and end-of-life management. This work conducts a literature review combined with case study analysis to examine how certain firms assess and monitor their vulnerability to critical material supply chain issues and provides specific business examples for integrating circularity strategies. Results indicate the potential for risk reduction that could be gained from implementation of these strategies; specifically recycling, for example, can provide an in-house source (for prompt or fabrication scrap) or at least domestic source (for post-consumer scrap) for critical materials; up to 24% for the case of indium usage in China. Just in time manufacturing techniques have the potential to both exacerbate supply issues (by encouraging low inventory or needed resources for manufacturing) and improve supply issues by introducing resiliency in the supply chain indicating that approach of firms in undertaking these strategies is important. Many cases reviewed show other quantifiable secondary benefits beyond risk reduction, such as economic savings, reduction in energy consumption, and improved corporate social responsibility via enhanced supply chain oversight.

183 citations


Cited by
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TL;DR: The main roles of material science in the development of LIBs are discussed, with a statement of caution for the current modern battery research along with a brief discussion on beyond lithium-ion battery chemistries.
Abstract: Over the past 30 years, significant commercial and academic progress has been made on Li-based battery technologies. From the early Li-metal anode iterations to the current commercial Li-ion batteries (LIBs), the story of the Li-based battery is full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. This review will discuss the main roles of material science in the development of LIBs. As LIB research progresses and the materials of interest change, different emphases on the different subdisciplines of material science are placed. Early works on LIBs focus more on solid state physics whereas near the end of the 20th century, researchers began to focus more on the morphological aspects (surface coating, porosity, size, and shape) of electrode materials. While it is easy to point out which specific cathode and anode materials are currently good candidates for the next-generation of batteries, it is difficult to explain exactly why those are chosen. In this review, for the reader a complete developmental story of LIB should be clearly drawn, along with an explanation of the reasons responsible for the various technological shifts. The review will end with a statement of caution for the current modern battery research along with a brief discussion on beyond lithium-ion battery chemistries.

2,867 citations

30 Apr 1984
TL;DR: A review of the literature on optimal foraging can be found in this article, with a focus on the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions, and the authors conclude that the simple models so far formulated are supported by available data and that they are optimistic about the value both now and in the future.
Abstract: Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

2,709 citations

01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The Third edition of the Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology as mentioned in this paper was published in 1989, with the title "Kirk's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology: Chemical Technology".
Abstract: 介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology(化工技术百科全书)(第五版)电子图书网络版数据库,并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明,且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

2,666 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: A case study explores the background of the digitization project, the practices implemented, and the critiques of the project, which aims to provide access to a plethora of information to EPA employees, scientists, and researchers.
Abstract: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides access to information on a variety of topics related to the environment and strives to inform citizens of health risks. The EPA also has an extensive library network that consists of 26 libraries throughout the United States, which provide access to a plethora of information to EPA employees, scientists, and researchers. The EPA implemented a reorganization project to digitize their materials so they would be more accessible to a wider range of users, but this plan was drastically accelerated when the EPA was threatened with a budget cut. It chose to close and reduce the hours and services of some of their libraries. As a result, the agency was accused of denying users the “right to know” by making information unavailable, not providing an adequate strategic plan, and discarding vital materials. This case study explores the background of the digitization project, the practices implemented, and the critiques of the project.

2,588 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review highlights the recent research advances in active nanostructured anode materials for the next generation of Li-ion batteries (LIBs), and the effect of nanoscale size and morphology on the electrochemical performance is presented.

1,796 citations