Vol. 9 Issue 1 pp. 000‐000 There is a growing need for integrating environmentally sound choices into supply-chain management research and practice. Perusal of the literature shows that a broad frame of reference for green supply-chain management (GrSCM) is not adequately developed. Regulatory bodies that formulate regulations to meet societal and ecological concerns to facilitate growth of business and economy also suffer from its absence. A succinct classification to help academicians, researchers and practitioners in understanding integrated GrSCM from a wider perspective is needed. Further, sufficient literature is available to warrant such classification. This paper takes an integrated and fresh look into the area of GrSCM. The literature on GrSCM is covered exhaustively from its conceptualization, primarily taking a ‘reverse logistics angle’. Using the rich body of available literature, including earlier reviews that had relatively limited perspectives, the literature on GrSCM is classified on the basis of the problem context in supply chain’s major influential areas. It is also classified on the basis of methodology and approach adopted. Various mathematical tools/techniques used in literature vis-a-vis the contexts of GrSCM are mapped. A timeline indicating relevant papers is also provided as a ready reference. Finally, the findings and interpretations are summarized, and the main research issues and opportunities are highlighted.

Green supply‐chain management: A state‐of‐the‐art literature review

This article is an attempt to survey the vast literature on flexibility in manufacturing that has accumulated over the last 10 to 20 years. The survey begins with a brief review of the classical literature on flexibility in economics and organization theory, which provides a background for manufacturing flexibility. Several kinds of flexibilities in manufacturing are then defined carefully along with their purposes, the means to obtain them, and some suggested measurements and valuations. Then we examine the interrelationships among the several flexibilities. Various empirical studies and analytical/optimization models dealing with these flexibilities are reported and discussed. The article concludes with suggestions for some possible future research directions.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1080305

Flexibility in Manufacturing: A Survey

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a well-established machining option for manufacturing geometrically complex or hard material parts that are extremely difficult-to-machine by conventional machining processes. The non-contact machining technique has been continuously evolving from a mere tool and die making process to a micro-scale application machining alternative attracting a significant amount of research interests. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve the sparking efficiency including some unique experimental concepts that depart from the EDM traditional sparking phenomenon. Despite a range of different approaches, this new research shares the same objectives of achieving more efficient metal removal coupled with a reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews the research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM within the past decade. It reports on the EDM research relating to improving performance measures, optimising the process variables, monitoring and control the sparking process, simplifying the electrode design and manufacture. A range of EDM applications are highlighted together with the development of hybrid machining processes. The final part of the paper discusses these developments and outlines the trends for future EDM research.

http://zclient.persiangig.com/ScienceDirect/M02.pdf

State of the art electrical discharge machining (EDM)

The past few decades have seen substantial growth in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies. However, this growth has mainly been process-driven. The evolution of engineering design to take advantage of the possibilities afforded by AM and to manage the constraints associated with the technology has lagged behind. This paper presents the major opportunities, constraints, and economic considerations for Design for Additive Manufacturing. It explores issues related to design and redesign for direct and indirect AM production. It also highlights key industrial applications, outlines future challenges, and identifies promising directions for research and the exploitation of AM's full potential in industry.

/pdf/design-for-additive-manufacturing-trends-opportunities-22heccleea.pdf

Design for additive manufacturing: trends, opportunities, considerations, and constraints

Design is the first step in manufacturing, and it is where most of the important decisions are made that affect the final cost of a product. Since 1980, analysis techniques have been made available which can guide designers towards products which are easy to manufacture and assemble. The availability of these techniques has created a revolution in manufacturing industry, especially in the USA, leading to reduced product cost, better quality, shorter time to market, lower inventory, few suppliers, and many other improvements. The paper first stresses the importance of taking careful account of manufacturing and assembly problems in the early stages of product design. Then, using a case study, the philosophy of the Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) methodology and its application are explained. The historical development of dessgn-for-assembly and design-for- techniques in Japan, Europe and the USA is presented. A review of published case histories emphasizes the enormous advantages to be gained by adopting this relatively new approach as the major tool in concurrent and simultaneous engineering. Finally, a discussion of the various roadblocks affecting DFMA implementation is followed by a discussion of current developments, which include product design for disassembly, service and recycling.

Product design for manufacture and assembly

CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK Standardization Introduction to the International (SI) System of Units MACHINE TOOLS AND MACHINING OPERATIONS Introduction Generating Motions of Machine Tools Machines Using Single-Point Tools Machines Using Multipoint Tools Machines Using Abrasive Wheels Summary of Machine Tool Characteristics and Machining Equations Problems References MECHANICS OF METAL CUTTING Introduction Terms and Definitions Chip Formation The Forces Acting on the Cutting Tool and Their Measurement Specific Cutting Energy Plowing Force and the "Size Effect" The Apparent Mean Shear Strength of the Work Material Chip Thickness Friction in Metal Cutting Analytical Modeling of Machining Operations Problems References TEMPERATURES IN METAL CUTTING Heat Generation in Metal Cutting Heat Transfer in a Moving Material Temperature Distribution in Metal Cutting The Measurement of Cutting Temperatures Problems References TOOL LIFE AND TOOL MATERIALS Introduction Progressive Tool Wear Forms of Wear in Metal Cutting The Tool Material Tool Geometries The Work Material High Speed Machining Hard Machining Problems References CUTTING FLUIDS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS Cutting Fluids The Action of Coolants The Action of Lubricants Application of Cutting Fluids Cutting Fluid Maintenance Environmental Considerations Disposal of Cutting Fluids Dry Cutting and Minimum Quantity Lubrication Surface Roughness Tool Geometries for Improved Surface Finish Burr Formation in Machining Problems References ECONOMICS OF METAL-CUTTING OPERATIONS Introduction Choice of Feed Choice of Cutting Speed Tool Life for Minimum Cost and Minimum Production Time Estimation of Factors Needed to Determine Optimum Conditions Example of a Constant-Cutting-Speed Operation Machining at Maximum Efficiency Facing Operations Operations with Interrupted Cuts Economics of Various Tool Materials and Tool Designs Machinability Data Systems Limitations of Available Machinability Data Problems References NOMENCLATURE OF CUTTING TOOLS Introduction Systems of Cutting-Tool Nomenclature International Standard Problems References CHIP CONTROL Introduction Chip Breakers Prediction of Radius of Chip Curvature Prediction of Chip Breaking Performance Tool Wear During Chip Breaking Problems References MACHINE TOOL VIBRATIONS Introduction Forced Vibrations Self-Excited Vibrations (Chatter) Determination of Frequency Response Loci Dynamic Acceptance Tests for Machine Tools Improving Machine Tool Stability Problems References GRINDING Introduction The Grinding Wheel Effect of Grinding Conditions on Wheel Behavior Determination of the Density of Active Grains Testing of Grinding Wheels Dressing and Truing of Grinding Wheels Analysis of the Grinding Process Thermal Effects in Grinding Cutting Fluids in Grinding Grinding-Wheel Wear Nonconventional Grinding Operations Problems References MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION Introduction Types of Production Types of Facilities Layout Types of Automation Transfer Machines Automatic Machines Numerically Controlled (NC) Machine Tools Comparison of the Economics of Various Automation Systems Handling of Components in Batch Production Flexible Manufacturing Systems Problems References COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING Introduction Scope of CAD/CAM Process-Planning Tasks Computer-Aided Process Planning Processing of NC Programs Computer-Aided NC Processing Numerical Control Processing Languages NC Programming Using APT-Based Languages Graphics-Based NC Processing Systems References DESIGN FOR MACHINING Introduction Standardization Choice of Work Material Shape of Work Material Shape of Component Assembly of Components Accuracy and Surface Finish Summary of Design Guidelines Cost Estimating for Machined Components Problems References NONCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESSES Introduction Range of Nonconventional Machining Processes Ultrasonic Machining Water-Jet Machining Abrasive-Jet Machining Chemical Machining Electrochemical Machining Electrolytic Grinding Electrical-Discharge Machining Wire Electrical-Discharge Machining Laser-Beam Machining Electron-Beam Machining Plasma-Arc Cutting Comparative Performance of Cutting Processes Problems References NOMENCLATURE INDEX

Fundamentals of machining and machine tools

In the more than 15 years since the second edition of Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools was published, the industry has seen many changes Students must keep up with developments in analytical modeling of machining processes, modern cutting tool materials, and how these changes affect the economics of machining With coverage reflecting s

Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine Tools

Design for Assembly and Disassembly

INTRODUCTION Historical Development of the Assembly Process Choice of Assembly Method Social Effects of Automation References AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY TRANSFER SYSTEMS Continuous Transfer Intermittent Transfer Indexing Mechanisms Operator-Paced Free-Transfer Machine References AUTOMATIC FEEDING AND ORIENTING - VIBRATORY FEEDERS Mechanics of Vibratory Conveying Effect of Frequency Effect of Track Acceleration Effect of Vibration Angle Effect of Track Angle Effect of Coefficient of Friction Estimating the Mean Conveying Velocity Load Sensitivity Solutions to Load Sensitivity Spiral Elevators Balanced Feeders Orientation of Parts Typical Orienting System Effect of Active Orienting Devices on Feed Rate Analysis of Orienting Systems Performance of an Orienting Device Natural Resting Aspects of Parts for Automatic Handling Analysis of a Typical Orienting System Out-of-Bowl Tooling References AUTOMATIC FEEDING AND ORIENTING - MECHANICAL FEEDERS Reciprocating-Tube Hopper Feeder Centerboard Hopper Feeder Reciprocating-Fork Hopper Feeder External Gate Hopper Feeder Rotary-Disk Feeder Centrifugal Hopper Feeder Stationary-Hook Hopper Feeder Bladed-Wheel Hopper Feeder Tumbling-Barrel Hopper Feeder Rotary-Centerboard Hopper Feeder Magnetic-Disk Feeder Elevating Hopper Feeder Magnetic Elevating Hopper Feeder Magazines References FEED TRACKS, ESCAPEMENTS, PARTS-PLACEMENT MECHANISMS, AND ROBOTS Gravity Feed Tracks Powered Feed Tracks Escapements Parts-Placing Mechanisms Assembly Robots References PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICS OF ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS Indexing Machines Free-Transfer Machines Basis for Economic Comparisons of Automation Equipment Comparison of Indexing and Free-Transfer Machines Economics of Robot Assembly References DESIGN FOR MANUAL ASSEMBLY Introduction Where Design for Assembly Fits in the Design Process General Design Guidelines for Manual Assembly Development of a Systematic DFA Analysis Method DFA Index Classification System for Manual Handling Classification System for Manual Insertion and Fastening Effect of Part Symmetry on Handling Time Effect of Part Thickness and Size on Handling Time Effect of Weight on Handling Time Parts Requiring Two Hands for Manipulation Effects of Combinations of Factors Threaded Fasteners Effects of Holding Down Problems with Manual Assembly Time Standards Application of the DFA Method Further General Design Guidelines References PRODUCT DESIGN FOR HIGH-SPEED AUTOMATIC ASSEMBLY AND ROBOT ASSEMBLY Introduction Design of Parts for High-Speed Feeding and Orienting Example Additional Feeding Difficulties High-Speed Automatic Insertion Example Analysis of an Assembly General Rules for Product Design for Automation Design of Parts for Feeding and Orienting Summary of Design Rules for High-Speed Automatic Assembly Product Design for Robot Assembly References PRINTED-CIRCUIT-BOARD ASSEMBLY Introduction Terminology Assembly Process for PCBs SMD Technology Estimation of PCB Assembly Costs Worksheet and Database for PCB Assembly Cost Analysis PCB Assembly - Equations and Data for Total Operation Cost Glossary of Terms References FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR ASSEMBLY AUTOMATION Machine Design Factors to Reduce Machine Downtime Due to Defective Parts Feasibility Study References Problems Appendix A: Simple Method for the Determination of the Coefficient of Dynamic Friction The Method Analysis Precision of the Method Discussion Reference Appendix B: Out-of-Phase Vibratory Conveyors Out-of-Phase Conveying Practical Applications Reference Appendix C: Laboratory Experiments Performance of a Vibratory-Bowl Feeder Performance of a Horizontal-Delivery Gravity Feed Track Conclusions Appendix D: Feeding and Orienting Techniques for Small Parts Coding System Feeding and Orienting Techniques Orienting Devices for Vibratory-Bowl Feeders Nonvibratory Feeders Nomenclature Index

Geoffrey Boothroyd

Papers

Product design for manufacture and assembly

Fundamentals of machining and machine tools

Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine Tools

Design for Assembly and Disassembly

Assembly Automation and Product Design