SummaryEvery year, 30,000 agricultural migrant workers arrive in Canada as part of the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP), the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program and the Low Skill Pilot Project. Although the TFWP is intended to address short-term labour demands, most of these workers return to the same communities year after year, sometimes for more than 25 years. As a result, growing numbers of migrant farm workers are permanently temporary.The increased presence of temporary workers will most certainly have an impact on Canadian communities and workplaces for years to come. Is there a way to conceptualize integration in the context of these migration patterns? How does the TFWP fit into Canada's multicultural landscape and its goals of integration and social cohesion? In this study, Jenna Hennebry draws on experience with agricultural workers to address some of these questions.The author uses empirical data, interviews and research on the situation in Ontario, the province with the largest number of agricultural migrants, to examine the degree of integration of migrant farm workers. She finds that their inclusion in the communities where they live and work is poor, despite laudable efforts by nongovernmental organizations, community groups and unions - notably the United Food and Commercial Workers Canada union, which has sponsored some unique transnational initiatives.Building on this analysis, Hennebry discusses new ways of conceptualizing and evaluating integration as the concept applies to temporary labour migration. She proposes the Labour Migrant Integration Scale, which she developed for this study, as a tool for evaluating the results of temporary labour migration programs with respect to factors such as human and labour rights, access to social and medical services, and social/community engagement and belonging. Despite Canada's long experience in agricultural labour migration, our programs do not measure up. Temporary migrants face significant impediments to labour market and social integration, including work permits that are tied to employers, weak enforcement of contracts, language barriers and social isolation, especially for the large share of these workers who live in employer-provided housing.Hennebry ends with recommendations for improving policy and practice in the management of temporary labour migration in agriculture, including greater autonomy for workers in choosing where they work and live, regulation of the recruitment process, wider use of information sessions on health and safety, and access to certain settlement services such as basic language training. Recognizing the interjurisdictional challenges and transnational nuances of temporary migration, she also calls for more rigorous application of existing laws and regulations.ResumeTous les ans, quelque 30 000 travailleurs agricoles migrants arrivent au Canada dans le cadre du Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers et du projet pilote concernant les travailleurs peu qualifies, deux volets du Programme des travailleurs etrangers temporaires (PTET). Et bien que le PTET vise a combler la demande de main-d'oeuvre a court terme, la plupart de ces travailleurs reviennent chaque annee dans les memes collectivites du pays, parfois pendant plus de 25 ans. Resultat : de plus en plus d'entre eux restent indefiniment temporaires.Or cette presence grandissante de travailleurs temporaires aura sans doute des repercussions a long terme sur nos collectivites et nos milieux de travail. Est-il possible de conceptualiser l'integration dans le cadre de ces schemas de migration ? Comment le PTET s'insere-t-il dans notre paysage multiculturel fonde sur les objectifs d'integration et de cohesion sociale ? Jenna Hennebry tente de repondre a quelques-unes de ces questions a partir de l'experience des travailleurs agricoles.S'appuyant sur des donnees empiriques, des entrevues et des etudes sur la situation des travailleurs agricoles migrants de l'Ontario, province qui en accueille le plus grand nombre au pays, l'auteure constate leur faible integration aux collectivites ou ils vivent et travaillent, malgre les louables efforts d'organisations non gouvernementales, de groupes communautaires et de syndicats, notamment celui des Travailleurs et travailleuses unis de l'alimentation et du commerce Canada qui a parraine des initiatives transnationales uniques. …

Permanently Temporary? Agricultural Migrant Workers and Their Integration in Canada

Community Connections is a key component of Citizenship and Immigration Canada’s (CIC’s) modernized Settlement Program and an essential thread that influences all aspects of integration. The work of Community Connections is twofold: foster active and meaningful connections between newcomers and host communities, and enable newcomers to develop a sense of belonging while helping communities better understand the interests and potential contributions of newcomers. Local Immigration Partnerships (LIPs) embody the evolving work of Community Connections. Through LIPs, CIC supports a new form of locally based collaboration among multiple stakeholders. These partnerships enable communities to develop strategic plans to address the opportunities and challenges associated with fostering inclusive and responsive environments. They also signify an innovation in multi-level collaborative governance – encouraging co-operation among federal, provincial, and municipal governments. Local Immigration Partnerships play an essential role in organizing various groups to develop coordinated strategies and target mainstream institutions, with the ultimate goal of factoring

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Local Immigration Partnerships: Building Welcoming and Inclusive Communities through Multi-Level Governance

......................................................................................................................... x Declaration .................................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... xii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Immigration to Australia ............................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Postwar immigration to Australia ........................................................................................ 5 1.3.3 Permanent settlement and issues of adjustment ........................................................... 7 1.4 Sport in Australia ........................................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 8 1.4.2 Sport and Australian identity ................................................................................. 9 1.4.3 ‘Australian’ sports ................................................................................................. 10 1.4.4 Sport and immigrants ........................................................................................... 12 1.4.5 Soccer or football? ................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Concepts and Definitions ............................................................................................. 13 1.5.1 Ethnicity .................................................................................................................. 13 1.5.2 Ethnic enclave ......................................................................................................... 15 1.5.3 Cultural pluralism ................................................................................................... 18 1.5.4 Ethnic identity ......................................................................................................... 18 1.5.5 Social capital ........................................................................................................... 20 1.6 Theoretical Perspectives .............................................................................................. 22 1.6.1 Immigrant adjustment ............................................................................................. 22 1.6.2 Classic assimilation ................................................................................................. 23 1.6.3 Ethnic disadvantage ................................................................................................ 25 1.6.4 Segmented assimilation .......................................................................................... 26 1.6.5 Other models of assimilation .................................................................................. 28 1.6.6 Settlement policy models ........................................................................................ 29 1.6.7 Assimilation ............................................................................................................ 29 1.6.8 Acculturation .......................................................................................................... 30 1.6.9 Multiculturalism ...................................................................................................... 31 1.6.10 Two-way integration ............................................................................................. 33 1.6.11 Segregation ........................................................................................................... 34 1.7 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................... 35 1.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 36

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The role of soccer in the adjustment of immigrants to Australia: a South Australian case study 1947 to 2013.

In this thematic issue, we attempt to show how migrations transform societies at the local and micro level by focusing on how migrants and refugees navigate within different migration regimes. We pay particular attention to the specific formation of the migration regimes that these countries adopt, which structure the conditions of the economic, racialised, gendered, and sexualized violence and exploitation during migration processes. This interactive process of social transformation shapes individual experiences while also being shaped by them. We aim to contribute to the most recent and challenging question of what kind of political and social changes can be observed and how to frame these changes theoretically if we look at local levels while focusing on struggles for recognition, rights, and urban space. We bring in a cross-country comparative perspective, ranging from Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and to Germany in order to lay out similarities and differences in each case, within which our authors analyse these transformative forces of migration.

The Transformative Forces of Migration: Refugees and the Re-Configuration of Migration Societies

Given the current climate of the global refugee crisis it is vital to investigate why and how Canada has admitted refugees in the past. Prior to the creation of formal refugee policy, several notable resettlement initiatives occurred within the country in the postwar period, including the arrival of Hungarian and Czechoslovakian refugees. This is the first academic study on the resettlement, integration, and identities of Ugandan Asian refugees who arrived in Canada between 1972 and 1974. They were the largest group of non-European and predominately Muslim refugees to arrive in Canada before the official creation of formal refugee policy in 1976. The purpose of the dissertation is to humanize those who have and are being persecuted around the world for various reasons, including political belief, economic despair, natural disasters, sexual orientation, religious affiliations, and racial intolerance. By recapturing the life histories of Ugandan Asian refugees, the dissertation refutes the essentialization of refugees as subjects to be admitted based on a nation’s political leanings, national security interests, and varying domestic concerns. Oral histories with Ugandan Asian refugees in Canada reinvigorate the broader Canadian historical narrative with the life stories of refugees that have been living in Canada for over 40 years. As refugees have transitioned to becoming active Canadians citizens, the project uses a direct case study to explore the motivations behind Canada’s decision to admit Ugandan Asians while simultaneously highlighting how the collaboration between the federal government and numerous voluntary organizations facilitated the adaptation and integration processes for refugees. Extensive archival research conducted at Library and Archives Canada in conjunction with over fifty oral history participants inform the first historical study on Ugandan Asian refugees in Canada. Using an interdisciplinary framework, this dissertation explores the personal identity constructions of Ugandan Asian refugees. Their multiple affiliations to Uganda, South Asia, and Canada are discussed in various ways that embody the pluralistic nature of Canadian society. Their expressions of self demonstrate how individuals can be dedicated nationals of a country while maintaining cultural, ethnic, and religious ties.

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Geoffrey Mercer

Papers

Immigration and Integration in Canada in the Twenty-First Century