George G. Odian

Bio: George G. Odian is an academic researcher from John Wiley & Sons. The author has contributed to research in topics: Chain transfer & Anionic addition polymerization. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 4737 citations.

Principles of polymerization

Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations. 1.2 Nomenclature of Polymers. 1.3 Linear, Branched, and Crosslinked Polymers. 1.4 Molecular Weight. 1.5 Physical State. 1.6 Applications of Polymers. 2. Step Polymerization. 2.1 Reactivity of Functional Groups. 2.2 Kinetics of Step Polymerization. 2.3 Accessibility of Functional Groups. 2.4 Equilibrium Considerations. 2.5 Cyclization versus Linear Polymerization. 2.6 Molecular Weight Control in Linear Polymerization. 2.7 Molecular Weight Distribution in Linear Polymerization. 2.8 Process Condition. 2.9 Multichain Polymerization. 2.10 Crosslinking. 2.11 Molecular Weight Distributions in Nonlinear Polymerizations. 2.12 Crosslinking Technology. 2.13 Step Copolymerization. 2.14 High-Performance Polymers. 2.15 Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers. 2.16 Dendric (Highly Branched) Polymers. 3. Radical Chain Polymerization. 3.1 Nature and Radical Chain Polymerization. 3.2 Structural Arrangement of Monomer Units. 3.3 Rate of Radical Chain Polymerization. 3.4 Initiation. 3.5 Molecular Weight. 3.6 Chain Transfer. 3.7 Inhibition and Retardation. 3.8 Determination of Absolute Rate Constants. 3.9 Energetic Characteristics. 3.10 Autoacceleration. 3.11 Molecular Weight Distribution. 3.12 Effect of Pressure. 3.13 Process Conditions. 3.14 Specific Commercial Polymers. 3.15 Living Radical Polymerization. 3.16 Other Polymerizations. 4. Emulsion Polymerization. 4.1 Description of Process. 4.2 Quantitative Aspects. 4.3 Other Characteristics of Emulsion Polymerization. 5. Ionic Chain Polymerization. 5.1 Comparison of Radical and Ionic Polymerization. 5.2 Cationic Polymerization of the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond. 5.3 Anionic Polymerization of the Carbon-Carbon Double. 5.4 Block and Other Polymer Architecture. 5.5 Distinguishing Between Radical, Cationic, and Anionic Polymerizations. 5.6 Carbonyl Polymerization. 5.7 Miscellaneous Polymerizations. 6. Chain Copolymerization. 6.1 General Considerations. 6.2 Copolymer Composition. 6.3 Radical Copolymerization. 6.4 Ionic Copolymerization. 6.5 Deviations from Terminal Copolymerization Model. 6.6 Copolymerizations Involving Dienes. 6.7 Other Copolymerizations. 6.8 Applications of Copolymerizations. 7. Ring-Opening Polymerization. 7.1 General Characteristics. 7.2 Cyclic Ethers. 7.3 Lactams. 7.4 N-Carboxy-alphaAmino Acid Anhydrides. 7.5 Lactones. 7.6 Nitrogen Heterocyclics. 7.7 Sulfur Heterocyclics. 7.8 Cycloalkenes. 7.9 Miscellaneous Oxygen Heterocyclics. 7.10 Other Ring-Opening Polymerizations. 7.11 Inorganic and Partially Inorganic Polymers. 7.12 Copolymerization. 8. Stereochemistry of Polymerizaton. 8.1 Types of Stereoisomerism in Polymers. 8.2 Properties of Stereoregular Polymers. 8.3 Forces of Stereoregulation in Alkene Polymerization. 8.4 Traditional Ziegler-Natta Polymerization of Nonpolar Alkene Monomers. 8.5 Metallocene Polymerization of Nonpolar Alkene Monomers. 8.6 Other Hydrocarbon Monomers. 8.7 Copolymerization. 8.8 Postmetallocene: Chelate Initiators. 8.9 Living Polymerization. 8.10 Polymerization of 1,3-Dienes. 8.11 Commercial Applications. 8.12 Polymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers. 8.13 Alehydes. 8.14 Optical Activity in Polymers. 8.15 Ring-Opening Polymerization. 8.16 Statistical Models of Propagation. 9. Reactions of Polymers. 9.1 Principles of Polymers Reactivity. 9.2 Crosslinking. 9.3 Reactions of Cellulose. 9.4 Reactions of Poly(vinyl) acetate). 9.5 Halogenation. 9.6 Aromatic Substitution. 9.7 Cyclization. 9.8 Other Reactions. 9.9 Graft Copolymers. 9.10 Block Copolymers. 9.11 Polymers as Carriers or Supports. 9.12 Polymer Reagents. 9.13 Polymer Catalysts. 9.14 Polymer Substrates. Index.

Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication

Abstract: Two-photon excitation provides a means of activating chemical or physical processes with high spatial resolution in three dimensions and has made possible the development of three-dimensional fluorescence imaging1, optical data storage2,3 and lithographic microfabrication4,5,6. These applications take advantage of the fact that the two-photon absorption probability depends quadratically on intensity, so under tight-focusing conditions, the absorption is confined at the focus to a volume of order λ3 (where λ is the laser wavelength). Any subsequent process, such as fluorescence or a photoinduced chemical reaction, is also localized in this small volume. Although three-dimensional data storage and microfabrication have been illustrated using two-photon-initiated polymerization of resins incorporating conventional ultraviolet-absorbing initiators, such photopolymer systems exhibit low photosensitivity as the initiators have small two-photon absorption cross-sections (δ). Consequently, this approach requires high laser power, and its widespread use remains impractical. Here we report on a class of π;-conjugated compounds that exhibit large δ (as high as 1, 250 × 10−50 cm4 s per photon) and enhanced two-photon sensitivity relative to ultraviolet initiators. Two-photon excitable resins based on these new initiators have been developed and used to demonstrate a scheme for three-dimensional data storage which permits fluorescent and refractive read-out, and the fabrication of three-dimensional micro-optical and micromechanical structures, including photonic-bandgap-type structures7.