George Winter

Bio: George Winter is an academic researcher from Cornell University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cold-formed steel & Ultimate tensile strength. The author has an hindex of 21, co-authored 53 publications receiving 1633 citations. Previous affiliations of George Winter include Missouri University of Science and Technology.

Strength of Thin Steel Compression Flanges

Abstract: The production of light structural steel shapes from sheet steel, by cold forming and spot welding, necessitates the development of special design methods adapted to the peculiarities of such membe...

Lateral Bracing Of Columns And Beams

Abstract: Simple and elementary method is developed which permits one to calculate lower limits of strength and rigidity of lateral support in order to provide full bracing to columns and beams; full bracing is defined as equivalent in effectiveness to immovable lateral support.

Edge Stiffeners for Thin-Walled Members

Abstract: An effective width approach is presented for predicting ultimate strengths of thin-walled compression elements with edge stiffeners. In conjunction with procedures for predicting ultimate strengths, a requirement for adequate stiffener rigidity is given. Stiffener adequacy is assessed as that stiffener rigidity for which the ultimate strength of an edge-stiffened element equals that of an element of similar dimensions and material properties but supported by a web at the stiffener location. Critical and post-critical behavior of the assembly are studied analytically and experimentally; however, the stiffener requirement is based primarily on the experimental results. Simple formulations for assessing the performance of the stiffener and plate elements are presented.

Tests on Bolted Connections in Light Gage Steel

Abstract: Results of 574 tests, covering considerable ranges of variables such as bolt diameter, sheet thickness, etc; four conditions formulated for predicting failure loads which are in satisfactory agreement with test values; if adequate safety factor is applied to these four conditions, joint deformations at design loads can be held to reasonably small values.

"building code requirements for structural concrete (aci 318-11) and commentary"

Abstract: The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures. Among the subjects covered are: contract documents; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D. The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code portion cannot be included. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code portion are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.

Dilatancy in the Fracture of Crystalline Rocks

Abstract: Volume changes of a granite, a marble, and an aplite were measured during deformation in triaxial compression at confining pressure of as much as 8 kb. Stress-volumetric strain behavior is qualitatively the same for these rocks and a wide variety of other rocks and concrete studied elsewhere. Volume changes are purely elastic at low stress. As the maximum stress becomes one-third to two-thirds the fracture stress at a given pressure, the rocks become dilatant; that is, volume increases relative to elastic changes. The magnitude of the dilatancy, with a few exceptions, ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 times the elastic volume changes that would have occurred were the rock simply elastic. The magnitude of the dilatancy is not markedly affected by pressure, for the range of conditions studied here. For granite, the stress at which dilatancy was first detected was strongly time dependent; the higher the loading rate the higher the stress. Dilatancy, which represents an increase in porosity, was traced in the granite to open cracks which form parallel with the direction of maximum compression.

Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete

Abstract: In fresh concrete a watercement (W:C) ratio gradient develops around the aggregate particles during casting, resulting in a different microstructure of the surrounding hydrated cement paste. This zone around the aggregate is called the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). This review describes the formation mechanisms and the microstructure of the ITZ. The higher W:C implies a diffusion process during hydration, and this zone may be consequently described as a heterogeneous area with a porosity gradient and a complementary gradient of anhydrous and hydrated phases. By using very fine and well-dispersed mineral additions, the initial W:C gradient around the aggregates is lowered and the ITZ is densified. The microstructure of the ITZ may be improved in the vacinity of calcereous aggregate, which reacts with calcium aluminates of Portland cement paste, forming calcium carboaluminates. The overall engineering properties of concrete in relation to the ITZ are beyond the scope of this review. Nevertheless, the local properties of the interfacial zone are reviewed: the mechanical and the transport characteristics of the ITZ are discussed in relation to the porosity and connectivity of pores.