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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

Power system analysis: short-circuit load flow and harmonics

Fault-current handling capability of the modular multilevel converters (MMCs) under dc-cable short-circuit conditions is a major concern for the MMC applications on the high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems, where the MMCs based on half-bridge submodules (SMs) cannot block the fault currents to protect the converter devices. In this paper, a comprehensive review for the fault-ride-through capability of the HVDC transmission systems based on the MMCs adopting different SM schemes is presented, where the MMCs can block the fault currents and compensate the reactive currents to the electric grid during the dc faults. An analysis of the dc short-circuit faults in the MMC is introduced and then the operation principle of different SM circuits building the MMC for blocking the fault currents is highlighted. The fault-tolerant operation of these MMC schemes as static synchronous compensator to enhance the ac grid stability during the dc faults is also investigated. A comparison in terms of investment cost, loss, volume, and controllability for various MMC topologies is performed. Comprehensive simulation results for the most promising topologies of the MMC with a capability of fault-ride through under dc-fault conditions are finally presented.

An Overview of Modular Multilevel Converters in HVDC Transmission Systems With STATCOM Operation During Pole-to-Pole DC Short Circuits

Model predictive control (MPC) has emerged as a promising approach to control a modular multilevel converter (MMC). With the help of a cost function, the control objectives of an MMC are achieved easily by using an MPC approach. However, the MPC has several technical challenges and issues including the need of accurate system models, computational complexity, and variable switching frequency operation and weighting factor selection, when it comes to the control of an MMC. In the past few years, several research studies are conducted to address some of the challenges and issues in an MPC and developed several model predictive algorithms for an MMC. In this paper, the importance of each challenge and its impact on the system performance is discussed. Also, the MMC mathematical models used in the implementation of MPC are presented. Furthermore, some of the popular MPC algorithms are discussed briefly, and their features and performance are highlighted through case studies. Finally, summary and future trends of MPC for an MMC are presented.

Model Predictive Control of High-Power Modular Multilevel Converters—An Overview

Recently developed modular-multilevel converter (M-MC) has a major attention in the industry and research works which is moving into feasible technology for many medium and high-power applications. M-MCs have been improved by existing power conversion technology in several aspects, including efficiency, modular structure, power quality, transformerless operational capability, fault tolerant and redundancy operations having a low expense, standard components utilisation, high availability, excellent quality of output wave forms. However, as several challenges combined with M-MC topologies, include reduced voltage stress, compact size, and substantially lower semiconductor losses. These attributes the lower operating cost for high-power applications such as distribution systems and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. The main contribution of this study is to bring the scrutiny of M-MC applications and different circuit topologies. These M-MC configurations consist of converter structures with sub-module converters and M-MC family members. In such a way, the M-MC applications are generalised and it results the size and cost halved, reduced conduction and switching losses and increases system reliabilities. Moreover, in each application of M-MC, drawbacks, and advantages have been discussed in detail. This review presents the latest performance of M-MC with respect to the mentioned research areas and new applications.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-pel.2018.5301

Modular-multilevel converter topologies and applications – a review

Due to the increase of power electronic-based loads, the maintenance of high power quality poses a challenge in modern power systems. To limit the total harmonic distortion in the line voltage and currents at the point of the common coupling (PCC), active power filters are commonly employed. This paper investigates the use of the multilevel modular converter (MMC) for harmonics mitigation due to its high bandwidth compared with conventional converters. A selective harmonics detection method and a harmonics controller are implemented, while the output current controller of the MMC is tuned to selectively inject the necessary harmonic currents. Unlike previous studies, focus is laid on the experimental verification of the active filtering capability of the MMC. For this reason an MMC-based double-star STATCOM is developed and tested for two representative case studies, i.e., for grid currents and PCC voltage harmonics. The results verify the capability of the MMC to mitigate harmonics up to the thirteenth order, while maintaining a low effective switching frequency and thus, low switching losses.

/pdf/high-order-voltage-and-current-harmonic-mitigation-using-the-25ooi0v73z.pdf

High Order Voltage and Current Harmonic Mitigation Using the Modular Multilevel Converter STATCOM

This paper studies the dc fault development stages and analyzes the fault dynamics in a point-to-point multilevel modular converters (MMC)-based dc connection. First, the effect of the dc grid configuration on the normal operation was investigated by comparing an asymmetric monopole with metallic return and a symmetric monopole. Then, the main parameters that affect the dc fault response of a grid, such as the fault type, impedance and converter blocking, were examined. Compared to previous studies, which are based on simulation results, the analysis is performed hereby both in theory, deriving the equations that describe the dc fault stages, as well as using experimental results obtained in the designed laboratory setup. The setup consists of two MMC terminals connected to two ac sources representing independent ac grids. These terminals are connected using a simple dc link based on pi-section equivalent of dc cables. The obtained results, which verified the theoretical analysis, can be used to determine the protection function thresholds of the MMC, as well as to estimate the developed stresses on dc lines during fault conditions and to define the design requirements for dc breakers.

On DC Fault Dynamics of MMC-Based HVdc Connections

This paper develops a complete control scheme for the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) in a STATCOM application. The focus is laid on the internal balancing of the converter and its reliable operation under internal mismatches as well as under external unbalanced conditions. The leg energy controller ensures that the sum of the capacitor voltages of each phase are equal. An intuitive arm energy controller is also implemented which allows the decoupled control of the energy levels of every arm. The control performance of the STATCOM was evaluated under asymmetrical grid faults and the simulation results verified the capability to provide maximum reactive power to the AC grid while maintaining internal balance through the individual control of each arm energy level.

Control of a Modular Multilevel Converter STATCOM under internal and external unbalances

A new MATLAB/Simulink-based modeling platform has been developed for SiC MOSFET power modules. The modeling platform describes the electrical behavior f a single 1.2 kV/ 350 A SiC MOSFET power module, as well as the series connection of two of them. A fast parameter initialization is followed by an optimization process to facilitate the extraction of the model's parameters in a more automated way relying on a small number of experimental waveforms. Through extensive experimental work, it is shown that the model accurately predicts both static and dynamic performances. The series connection of two SiC power modules has been investigated through the validation of the static and dynamic conditions. Thanks to the developed model, a better understanding of the challenges introduced by uneven voltage balance sharing among series connected devices is possible.

Development of Simulink-based SiC MOSFET modeling platform for series connected devices

High-power current sources with high dynamic performance, ultralow current ripple, and absolute reference tracking accuracy are the key elements for magnets (bumper and septum) that are used in accelerators. Similar requirements are also encountered in plasma research applications in fusion reactors, as well as plasma research for the future high voltage direct current circuit breakers. Therefore, the current source must be able to drive resistive/inductive and highly fluctuating loads without any compromise in its performance. In this paper, such a flexible, dynamic, and accurate current source is introduced, which able to provide amplitudes up to 30 kA and bipolar voltages up to 10 kV. The system’s operating concept is presented and its design procedure in order to fulfill a list of demanding specifications is demonstrated. In addition, a detailed description of its near-optimal, advanced control system is presented. Finally, the theoretical considerations are verified by extensive simulation results for various operating scenarios, including driving chaotic arc loads.

Georgios Tsolaridis

Papers

High Order Voltage and Current Harmonic Mitigation Using the Modular Multilevel Converter STATCOM

On DC Fault Dynamics of MMC-Based HVdc Connections

Control of a Modular Multilevel Converter STATCOM under internal and external unbalances

Development of Simulink-based SiC MOSFET modeling platform for series connected devices

Flexible, Highly Dynamic, and Precise 30-kA Arbitrary Current Source