Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Historical Perspective. 1.2 Basic Concepts. 1.3 Optical Communication Systems. 1.4 Lightwave System Components. Problems. References. 2 Optical Fibers. 2.1 Geometrical-Optics Description. 2.2 Wave Propagation. 2.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers. 2.4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations. 2.5 Fiber Losses. 2.6 Nonlinear Optical Effects. 2.7 Fiber Design and Fabrication. Problems. References. 3 Optical Transmitters. 3.1 Semiconductor Laser Physics. 3.2 Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers. 3.3 Laser Characteristics. 3.4 Optical Signal Generation. 3.5 Light-Emitting Diodes. 3.6 Transmitter Design. Problems. References. 4 Optical Receivers. 4.1 Basic Concepts. 4.2 Common Photodetectors. 4.3 Receiver Design. 4.4 Receiver Noise. 4.5 Coherent Detection. 4.6 Receiver Sensitivity. 4.7 Sensitivity Degradation. 4.8 Receiver Performance. Problems. References. 5 Lightwave Systems. 5.1 System Architectures. 5.2 Design Guidelines. 5.3 Long-Haul Systems. 5.4 Sources of Power Penalty. 5.5 Forward Error Correction. 5.6 Computer-Aided Design. Problems. References. 6 Multichannel Systems. 6.1 WDM Lightwave Systems. 6.2 WDM Components. 6.3 System Performance Issues. 6.4 Time-Division Multiplexing. 6.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing. 6.6 Code-Division Multiplexing. Problems. References. 7 Loss Management. 7.1 Compensation of Fiber Losses. 7.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. 7.3 Raman Amplifiers. 7.4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio. 7.5 Electrical Signal-To-Noise Ratio. 7.6 Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor. 7.7 Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects. 7.8 Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems. Problems. References. 8 Dispersion Management. 8.1 Dispersion Problem and Its Solution. 8.2 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers. 8.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings. 8.4 Dispersion-Equalizing Filters. 8.5 Optical Phase Conjugation. 8.6 Channels at High Bit Rates. 8.7 Electronic Dispersion Compensation. Problems. References. 9 Control of Nonlinear Effects. 9.1 Impact of Fiber Nonlinearity. 9.2 Solitons in Optical Fibers. 9.3 Dispersion-Managed Solitons. 9.4 Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems. 9.5 Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects. Problems. References. 10 Advanced Lightwave Systems. 10.1 Advanced Modulation Formats. 10.2 Demodulation Schemes. 10.3 Shot Noise and Bit-Error Rate. 10.4 Sensitivity Degradation Mechanisms. 10.5 Impact of Nonlinear Effects. 10.6 Recent Progress. 10.7 Ultimate Channel Capacity. Problems. References. 11 Optical Signal Processing. 11.1 Nonlinear Techniques and Devices. 11.2 All-Optical Flip-Flops. 11.3 Wavelength Converters. 11.4 Ultrafast Optical Switching. 11.5 Optical Regenerators. Problems. References. A System of Units. B Acronyms. C General Formula for Pulse Broadening. D Software Package.

/pdf/fiber-optic-communication-systems-2vva2zz27k.pdf

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

We report simultaneous transmission of six spatial and polarization modes, each carrying 40 Gb/s quadrature-phase-shift-keyed channels over 96 km of a low-differential group delay few-mode fiber. The channels are successfully recovered by offline DSP based on coherent detection and multiple-input multiple-output processing. A penalty of ;28 dB.

Mode-Division Multiplexing Over 96 km of Few-Mode Fiber Using Coherent 6 $\,\times\,$ 6 MIMO Processing

We thoroughly and critically review studies reporting the real (refractive index)
 and imaginary (absorption index) parts of the complex refractive index of silica glass
 over the spectral range from 30 nm to 1000 μm The general features of the optical
 constants over the electromagnetic spectrum are relatively consistent throughout the
 literature In particular, silica glass is effectively opaque for wavelengths shorter
 than 200 nm and larger than 35-40 μm Strong absorption bands are observed (i) below
 160 nm due to the interaction with electrons, absorption by impurities, and the presence
 of OH groups and point defects; (ii) at ~273-285, 35, and 43 μm also caused by OH
 groups; and (iii) at ~9-95, 125, and 21-23 μm due to SiOSi resonance modes of
 vibration However, the actual values of the refractive and absorption indices can vary
 significantly due to the glass manufacturing process, crystallinity, wavelength, and
 temperature and to the presence of impurities, point defects, inclusions, and bubbles,
 as well as to the experimental uncertainties and approximations in the retrieval
 methods Moreover, new formulas providing comprehensive approximations of the optical
 properties of silica glass are proposed between 7 and 50 μm These formulas are
 consistent with experimental data and substantially extend the spectral range of 021-7
 μm covered by existing formulas and can be used in various engineering applications

/pdf/optical-constants-of-silica-glass-from-extreme-ultraviolet-2d35kotg3x.pdf

Optical constants of silica glass from extreme ultraviolet to far infrared at near room temperature.

Fiber-optic biosensors (FOBS) are optical fiber-derived devices which use optical field to measure biological species such as cells, proteins, and DNA. Because of their efficiency, accuracy, low cost, and convenience, FOBS are promising alternatives to traditional immunological methods for biomolecule measurements. Tapered fiber-optic biosensors (TFOBS) are a type of FOBS which rely on special geometries to expose the evanescent field to interact with samples. In order to amplify sensitivity and selectivity, TFOBS are often used with various optical transduction mechanisms such as changes in refractive index, absorption, fluorescence, and Surface Plasmon Resonance. In this review, the basic principles of TFOBS are summarized. Various common geometries for evanescent sensing and the influence of geometric parameters on optical principles are reviewed. Finally, a detailed account of the studies done to date for biomolecules detection using TFOBS will be provided. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A review of fiber-optic biosensors

Flexgrid technology is now considered to be a promising solution for future high-speed network design. In this context, we need a tutorial that covers the key aspects of elastic optical networks. This tutorial paper starts with a brief introduction of the elastic optical network and its unique characteristics. The paper then moves to the architecture of the elastic optical network and its operation principle. To complete the discussion of network architecture, this paper focuses on the different node architectures, and compares their performance in terms of scalability and flexibility. Thereafter, this paper reviews and classifies routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) approaches including their pros and cons. Furthermore, various aspects, namely, fragmentation, modulation, quality-of-transmission, traffic grooming, survivability, energy saving, and networking cost related to RSA, are presented. Finally, the paper explores the experimental demonstrations that have tested the functionality of the elastic optical network, and follows that with the research challenges and open issues posed by flexible networks.

Routing and Spectrum Allocation in Elastic Optical Networks: A Tutorial

Optical fibers are used extensively for data transmission systems because of their dielectric nature and their large information-carrying capacity. Network architectures using multiple wavelength channels per optical fiber are utilized in local, metropolitan, or wide-area applications to connect thousands of users having a wide range of transmission capacities and speeds. A powerful aspect of an optical communication link is that many different wavelengths can be sent along a fiber simultaneously in the 1300-to-1600- nm spectrum. The technology of combining a number of wavelengths onto the same fiber is known as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The concept of WDM used in conjunction with optical amplifiers has resulted in communication links that allow rapid communications between users in countries all over the world.


Keywords:

optical fibers;
attenuation;
photonic systems;
WDM;
optical amplifiers;
dispersion;
nonlinear effects

Optical Fiber Communications

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Optical Fiber Communication By

An ultrasound wave is a kind of acoustic signal with a frequency greater than 20 kHz, which is widely used in diverse fields such as medical imaging diagnosis, nondestructive testing and resource exploration. A variety of ultrasound sensors have been developed for ultrasound detection. Particularly for photoacoustic imaging, specialized ultrasound sensors with high sensitivity, small size, and broad bandwidth are needed. However, achieving such sensor performance still poses a great challenge to the current state-of-the-art in ultrasound sensor technology. A recent work published in <italic>Opto-Electronic Advances</italic> (DOI: 10.29026/oea.2022.200076) proposes a microfiber-based ultrasound sensor that breaks the limitations of existing ultrasound sensors. Benefiting from the large evanescent field characteristic of microfiber, combined with the coherent detection technology, the proposed sensor realized highly sensitive ultrasound detection and demonstrated excellent performance in high-resolution photoacoustic imaging. The highly sensitive and miniaturized microfiber ultrasound sensor provides a competitive alternative for various applications, such as endoscopic photoacoustic imaging of the intestinal tract and blood vessels in animals. 

https://www.oejournal.org/data/article/export-pdf?id=646daf2e99d8810cd284442e

Highly sensitive microfiber ultrasound sensor for photoacoustic imaging

Optical fiber technology has changed the world by enabling extraordinary growth in world-wide communications and sensing. The rapid development and wide deployment of optical fiber sensors are driven by their excellent sensing performance with outstanding flexibility, functionality, and versatility. Notably, the research on specialty optical fibers is playing a critical role in enabling and proliferating the optical fiber sensing applications. This paper overviews recent developments in specialty optical fibers and their sensing applications. The specialty optical fibers are reviewed based on their innovations in special structures, special materials, and technologies to realize lab in/on a fiber. An overview of sensing applications in various fields is presented. The prospects and emerging research areas of specialty optical fibers are also discussed. 

Gerd Keiser

Papers

Optical Fiber Communications

Optical Fiber Communication By

Highly sensitive microfiber ultrasound sensor for photoacoustic imaging

Specialty optical fibers for advanced sensing applications