In the 1980s stagflation and high unemployment caused a renewed interest in supply side economics and in factors determining economic growth. Simultaneously, the 1980s and 1990s have seen a reevaluation of the role of small firms and a renewed attention for entrepreneurship. The goal of this survey is to synthesize disparate strands of literature to link entrepreneurship to economic growth. This will be done by investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth using elements of various fields: historical views on entrepreneurship, macro-economic growth theory, industrial economics (Porter's competitive advantage of nations), evolutionary economics, history of economic growth (rise and fall of nations) and the management literature on large corporate organizations. Understanding the role of entrepreneurship in the process of economic growth requires the decomposition of the concept of entrepreneurship. A first part of our synthesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dimensions involved, while paying attention to the level of analysis (individual, firm and aggregate level). A second part is to gain insight in the causal links between these entrepreneurial dimensions and economic growth. A third part is to make suggestions for future empirical research into the relationship between (dimensions of) entrepreneurship and economic growth.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/40229031.pdf

Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

We aim to develop a meaningful single-source reference for management and organization scholars interested in using bibliometric methods for mapping research specialties. Such methods introduce a measure of objectivity into the evaluation of scientific literature and hold the potential to increase rigor and mitigate researcher bias in reviews of scientific literature by aggregating the opinions of multiple scholars working in the field. We introduce the bibliometric methods of citation analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographical coupling, co-author analysis, and co-word analysis and present a workflow for conducting bibliometric studies with guidelines for researchers. We envision that bibliometric methods will complement meta-analysis and qualitative structured literature reviews as a method for reviewing and evaluating scientific literature. To demonstrate bibliometric methods, we performed a citation and co-citation analysis to map the intellectual structure of the Organizational Research Methods journal.

Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization

The Social Contexts of Research. Edited by Saad Z. Nagi and Ronald G. Corwin. Pp. xii + 409. (John Wiley: New York and London, August 1972.) £5.65.

Sociology of Science

Science-based technologies: university–industry interactions in four fields

In the present paper we address the relationship between business ownership and economic development. We will focus upon three issues. First, how is the equilibrium rate of business ownership related to the stage of economic development? Second, what is the speed of convergence towards the equilibrium rate when the rate of business ownership is out-of-equilibrium? Third, to what extent does deviating from the equilibrium rate of business ownership hamper economic growth? Hypotheses concerning all three issues are formulated in the framework of a new two-equation model. We find confirmation for the hypothesized economic growth penalty on deviations from the equilibrium rate of business ownership using a data panel of 23 OECD countries. An important policy implication of our exercises is that low barriers to entry and exit of businesses are necessary conditions for the equilibrium seeking mechanisms that are vital for a sound economic development.

/pdf/economic-development-and-business-ownership-an-analysis-4a8kogxfbn.pdf

Economic Development and Business Ownership: An Analysis Using Data of 23 OECD Countries in the Period 1976–1996

Atmosphere as the Fundamental Concept of a New Aesthetics

The Knowledge Society

Atmosphäre: Essays zur Neuen Ästhetik

Die Wissenschaft der Gegenwart ist durch einen spezifischen Alternativspielraum der Entwicklung gekennzeichnet: Sie ist offen dafur, das externe (okonomische, soziale, politische) Zwecke zum Entwicklungsleitfaden der Theorie werden. Der Ubergang zu einer solchen Struktur wird als 'Finalisierung der Wissenschaft' definiert. Sie ist abzusetzen von traditionellen Formen der 'Anwendung' theoretischer Ergebnisse. Zu ihrer Erklarung werden Annahmen uber Struktur und Reichweite der in der gegenwartigen Wissenschaft geltenden Eigenregulative entwickelt. Drei Grunde werden fur die Abnahme interner Determinierung der Wissenschaftsentwicklung gesehen: Das Erreichen eines Zustands 'theoretischer Reife' in grundlegenden Disziplinen (z.B. Physik und Chemie); der partielle Verzicht auf die Forderung kausaler Erklarung und der Ubergang zu funktionalistischen Wissenschaften (z.B. Psychologie); die Notwendigkeit, okologische Betrachtungsweisen mit den traditionellen Analyseansatzen der wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen zu verbinden. In der Perspektive der Finalisierung der Wissenschaft liegt eine zunehmende Koinzidenz von theoretischen Zwecken und sozialen Normen.

Die Finalisierung der Wissenschaft

Cet article dessine le contour d’une esthetique generale des ambiances (atmospheres) en mettant l’accent sur leur fabrication. De ce point de vue, l’art de la scenographie se revele etre un paradigme pour ce qui concerne les concepts principaux de la theorie des ambiances : les types d’ambiances (caracteres), leur quasi-objectivite, les moyens pour produire une ambiance, le contenu emotionnel. La teneur ubiquitaire des ambiances est demontree par la propension a tout scenographier dans notre civilisation presente : evenements publics, politique, marchandises et meme vie privee.

/pdf/the-art-of-the-stage-set-as-a-paradigm-for-an-aesthetics-of-3xqamxnefe.pdf

Gernot Böhme

Papers

Atmosphere as the Fundamental Concept of a New Aesthetics

The Knowledge Society

Atmosphäre: Essays zur Neuen Ästhetik

Die Finalisierung der Wissenschaft

The art of the stage set as a paradigm for an aesthetics of atmospheres