Background. A 10-question screening scale of psychological distress and a six-question short-form scale embedded within the 10-question scale were developed for the redesigned US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Methods. Initial pilot questions were administered in a US national mail survey (N fl 1401). A reduced set of questions was subsequently administered in a US national telephone survey (N fl 1574). The 10-question and six-question scales, which we refer to as the K10 and K6, were constructed from the reduced set of questions based on Item Response Theory models. The scales were subsequently validated in a two-stage clinical reappraisal survey (N fl 1000 telephone screening interviews in the first stage followed by N fl 153 face-to-face clinical interviews in the second stage that oversampled first-stage respondents who screened positive for emotional problems) in a local convenience sample. The second-stage sample was administered the screening scales along with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). The K6 was subsequently included in the 1997 (N fl 36116) and 1998 (N fl 32440) US National Health Interview Survey, while the K10 was included in the 1997 (N fl 10641) Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Results. Both the K10 and K6 have good precision in the 90th‐99th percentile range of the population distribution (standard errors of standardized scores in the range 0‐20‐0‐25) as well as consistent psychometric properties across major sociodemographic subsamples. The scales strongly discriminate between community cases and non-cases of DSM-IV}SCID disorders, with areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0‐87‐0‐88 for disorders having Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores of 0‐70 and 0‐95‐0‐96 for disorders having GAF scores of 0‐50. Conclusions. The brevity, strong psychometric properties, and ability to discriminate DSM-IV cases from non-cases make the K10 and K6 attractive for use in general-purpose health surveys. The scales are already being used in annual government health surveys in the US and Canada as well as in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Routine inclusion of either the K10 or K6 in clinical studies would create an important, and heretofore missing, crosswalk between community and clinical epidemiology.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F141675CCD0E08C0FB98E01C006B4E0D/S0033291702006074a.pdf/div-class-title-short-screening-scales-to-monitor-population-prevalences-and-trends-in-non-specific-psychological-distress-div.pdf

Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress.

Background Public Law 102-321 established a block grant for adults with "serious mental illness" (SMI) and required the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to develop a method to estimate the prevalence of SMI. Methods Three SMI screening scales were developed for possible use in the SAMHSA National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF) scale, the K10/K6 nonspecific distress scales, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS). An enriched convenience sample of 155 respondents was administered all screening scales followed by the 12-month Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). We defined SMI as any 12-month DSM-IV disorder, other than a substance use disorder, with a GAF score of less than 60. Results All screening scales were significantly related to SMI. However, neither the CIDI-SF nor the WHO-DAS improved prediction significantly over the K10 or K6 scales. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of SMI was 0.854 for K10 and 0.865 for K6. The most efficient screening scale, K6, had a sensitivity (SE) of 0.36 (0.08) and a specificity of 0.96 (0.02) in predicting SMI. Conclusions The brevity and accuracy of the K6 and K10 scales make them attractive screens for SMI. Routine inclusion of either scale in clinical studies would create an important, and heretofore missing, crosswalk between community and clinical epidemiology.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/207204/YOA20567.pdf

Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population

https://www.ecnp.eu/~/media/Files/ecnp/communication/reports/ECNP%20EBC%20Report.pdf

The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010

The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review.

Abnormalities of prefrontal cortical function are prominent features of schizophrenia and have been associated with genetic risk, suggesting that susceptibility genes for schizophrenia may impact on the molecular mechanisms of prefrontal function. A potential susceptibility mechanism involves regulation of prefrontal dopamine, which modulates the response of prefrontal neurons during working memory. We examined the relationship of a common functional polymorphism (Val(108/158) Met) in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which accounts for a 4-fold variation in enzyme activity and dopamine catabolism, with both prefrontally mediated cognition and prefrontal cortical physiology. In 175 patients with schizophrenia, 219 unaffected siblings, and 55 controls, COMT genotype was related in allele dosage fashion to performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test of executive cognition and explained 4% of variance (P = 0.001) in frequency of perseverative errors. Consistent with other evidence that dopamine enhances prefrontal neuronal function, the load of the low-activity Met allele predicted enhanced cognitive performance. We then examined the effect of COMT genotype on prefrontal physiology during a working memory task in three separate subgroups (n = 11-16) assayed with functional MRI. Met allele load consistently predicted a more efficient physiological response in prefrontal cortex. Finally, in a family-based association analysis of 104 trios, we found a significant increase in transmission of the Val allele to the schizophrenic offspring. These data suggest that the COMT Val allele, because it increases prefrontal dopamine catabolism, impairs prefrontal cognition and physiology, and by this mechanism slightly increases risk for schizophrenia.

http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Effect-of-COMT-Val108-158-Met-genotype-on-frontal-lobe-function-and-risk-for-schizophrenia.pdf

Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia.

This efficient, user-friendly instrument will help clinicians make standardized, reliable, and accurate diagnoses and avoid the common problem of "premature closure" -- the premature focus on one diagnostic possibility. It will also help clinicians of all levels of experience improve their clinical assessment and interviewing techniques and provides extensive documentation of the diagnostic process, an essential procedure in today's managed care world. Specifically adapted from the research standard for Axis I structured clinical interviewing for use in clinical settings, the SCID-I covers those DSM-IV diagnoses most commonly seen by clinicians and includes the diagnostic criteria for these disorders with corresponding interview questions. The SCID-I is divided into six self-contained modules that can be administered in sequence: mood episodes; psychotic symptoms; psychotic disorders; mood disorders; substance use disorders; and anxiety, adjustment, and other disorders. The Scoresheet, available in sets of five, is a one-time-use scoresheet used to record diagnostic decisions. It also contains abridged DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. This is a package of 5.

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I : clinical version : scoresheet

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) is an efficient, user-friendly instrument that will help researchers and clinicians make standardized, reliable, and accurate diagnoses of the 10 DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders as well as depressive personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, and personality disorder not otherwise specified. Now compatible with DSM-IV, the interview questions have been redesigned to reflect the subject's inner experience. This instrument begins with a brief overview that characterizes the subject's typical behavior and relationships and elicits information about the subject's capacity for self-reflection. It then considers each of the personality disorders in detail. The Questionnaire is a single-use personality questionnaire to be completed by the patient that can be used as a screening tool to shorten the interview. Bound separately, it is sold only with the Interview booklet. The Interview is a single-use booklet that is bound separately but used in conjunction with the Questionnaire. It contains the interview questions and provides space to record responses. At the conclusion of the Interview, the clinician completes the Summary Score Sheet and computes a dimensional score for each personality disorder. This is a package of 5.

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders : SCID-II

The reusable Administration Booklet contains interview questions and DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. It is designed to be used with the Scoresheet during a 45- to 90-minute session and is tabbed to help the clinician move from one section to another.

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I: clinical version : administration booklet

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) is an efficient, user-friendly instrument that will help researchers and clinicians make standardized, reliable, and accurate diagnoses of the 10 DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders as well as depressive personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, and personality disorder not otherwise specified. Now compatible with DSM-IV, the interview questions have been redesigned to reflect the subject's inner experience. This instrument begins with a brief overview that characterizes the subject's typical behavior and relationships and elicits information about the subject's capacity for self-reflection. It then considers each of the personality disorders in detail. The User's Guide provides instructions on how to use the SCID-II effectively. It contains sections describing the rationale and structure of the SCID-II and a detailed item-by-item commentary on the SCID-II. A sample case is also included to help clinicians learn to use the SCID-II.

User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders : SCID-II

History of the SCID. Versions of the SCID. Diagnostic coverage. Basic features of the SCID-I. Administration. SCID-I conventions and usage. SCID do's and don'ts. Special instructions for individual modules. Training. Reliability and validity. Data processing. References. Appendix: Training materials.

Gibbon Miriam

Papers

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I : clinical version : scoresheet

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders : SCID-II

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I: clinical version : administration booklet

User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders : SCID-II

User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders : SCID-I : clinical version