Gijs Elzinga

Bio: Gijs Elzinga is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Human resources & Workforce. The author has an hindex of 6, co-authored 6 publications receiving 2009 citations.

Tuberculosis control in the era of HIV

Abstract: Without HIV, the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic would now be in decline almost everywhere. However, instead of looking forward to the demise of TB, countries that are badly affected by HIV are struggling against a rising tide of HIV-infected patients with TB. As a consequence, global TB control policies have had to be revised and control of TB now demands increased investment. This paper assesses what is being done to address the issue and what remains to be done.

Vertical-horizontal synergy of the health workforce

Abstract: Health systems are made up of a “hori-zontal system” of general services, pro-viding prevention and care for prevailing health problems, and of “vertical pro-grammes” for specific health conditions. Not surprisingly, vertical programmes are found more frequently where poverty prevails and epidemics flourish; general health services are weakly developed under such conditions. This theme issue deals with health workforce limitations in developing countries (1) that hinder vertical programmes in reaching their targets.Vertical programmes have three components: intervention strategy, moni-toring and evaluation, and intervention delivery. The first two are inherently vertical in nature. The intervention strategy sets out in detail how best to handle the health problem at hand. The monitoring and evaluation component follows the impact of the interven-tion strategy at population level and is essential to improve it continuously. In contrast, intervention delivery does not usually occur in a vertical manner. Depending on the health system of a country and the disease or condi-tion targeted, this component is more or less integrated in the horizontal system. When less integrated, as with polio eradication (268–273), health workers may, depending on incentives, move across from the general services. When more integrated, adding new initiatives such as “3 by 5” for the extended delivery of antiretrovirals (2) may increase health workers’ motivation and pride in their work, but may also overburden them and thus weaken the general services.Intervention delivery therefore con-stitutes the vertical–horizontal interface linking the health workforce constraints of system and programmes. A construc-tive collaboration between responsible officers of both is urgent, because the delivery of interventions requires by far the largest portion of the health work-force that programmes require to reach their targets, and is the most difficult to resolve.Vertical programmes possess two strategies to enhance vertical–horizontal collaboration: making better use of the workforce that is potentially available, and promoting workforce growth in quantity and quality. Private sector providers can also contribute more. In sub-Saharan Africa, private providers deliver at least 50% of the services and are an inherent part of the health system operating under full govern-mental stewardship of their markets and services. Governments must put incen-tives in place to engage private sector providers in the delivery of interven-tions for public good. Standardization in quality and procedures of services, as achieved by franchising (274–279), is a powerful tool to increase the involve-ment of private providers.The second option to increase vertical–horizontal collaboration, pro-moting substantial workforce growth in quantity and quality, can usually only be achieved through the regular policy, planning and implementation mechanisms. A focus on task analysis, estimations of the time needed per intervention component, skill sets and support functions is useful, but more is needed to connect effectively with health system and workforce planning mechanisms in countries.Workforce growth requires that programmes quantify their needs in variables that can guide planning, supply and deployment of personnel within the general services. These variables should capture, from the perspective of the user, the availability of the required cadres of health worker, their accessibility, and the affordability of their services.Planning for personnel and their supply and deployment within the general services cannot be based on the needs of a single programme, nor by simply adding up the needs of all the programmes. Approaching health workforce strengthening jointly, com-bining the requirements of programmes that use similar cadres of health worker for the delivery of their interventions, optimizes the chances that programme limitations will be overcome while simultaneously strengthening general health services. This dual goal can be reached because combining the needs of various programmes will significantly broaden the skill sets of the health workers delivering the interventions.It will be difficult for national programmes to move rapidly towards collaboration in intervention delivery if global views do not move accordingly. International agencies and donors have to rethink their health workforce strategies in view of the reality that this most costly component of a prior-ity programme can only be solved in vertical–horizontal synergy. O

Detecting Novel Associations in Large Data Sets

Abstract: Identifying interesting relationships between pairs of variables in large data sets is increasingly important. Here, we present a measure of dependence for two-variable relationships: the maximal information coefficient (MIC). MIC captures a wide range of associations both functional and not, and for functional relationships provides a score that roughly equals the coefficient of determination (R2) of the data relative to the regression function. MIC belongs to a larger class of maximal information-based nonparametric exploration (MINE) statistics for identifying and classifying relationships. We apply MIC and MINE to data sets in global health, gene expression, major-league baseball, and the human gut microbiota and identify known and novel relationships.