Author
Giuseppe Mancia
Other affiliations: University of Milan, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centra
Bio: Giuseppe Mancia is an academic researcher from University of Milano-Bicocca. The author has contributed to research in topics: Blood pressure & Ambulatory blood pressure. The author has an hindex of 145, co-authored 1369 publications receiving 139692 citations. Previous affiliations of Giuseppe Mancia include University of Milan & Instituto Politécnico Nacional.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Delapril effectively and smoothly reduces BP over 24 h, this effect being evident also on PP, a parameter with a relevant prognostic value.
Abstract: Objective: To assess the homogeneity of the antihypertensive effect of delapril over 24 h. Design and methods: After 2 weeks of placebo 50 mild to moderate essential hypertensives (age 54 - 5 years) were subjected to 8 weeks of treatment with delapril 30 mg once daily. At the end of each period, blood pressure (BP) was assessed by conventional sphygmomanometry (clinic or CBP) and ambulatory (A) BP monitoring. Twenty-four-hour means, trough-to-peak ratio (T/P) and smoothness index (SI, the ratio between the average of the 24-h BP changes after T and its standard deviation) were calculated for systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP. Results: CBP and ABP were significantly reduced by treatment. Pulse pressure (PP, the SBP-DBP difference) was also significantly ( p < 0.01) reduced by delapril (5.7 - 6.2 and 3.3 - 3.8 mmHg, CPP and APP). The median T/P was higher (0.51 and 0.62, SBP and DBP) in the 43 responders at trough than in the whole group (0.44 and 0.51). The SI was similarly high in the whole group...
13 citations
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TL;DR: In subjects with essential hypertension the carotid sinus baroreceptors, though active in blood pressure control, do not exert a major influence on renin release, and in these patients reflex increase of renin during tilting is apparently mediated through other receptors than those in the carOTid sinuses.
Abstract: 1. The reflex control of renin release was studied in subjects with essential hypertension by comparing the effects of a variable-pressure neck chamber and head-up tilting. 2. Increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure (obtained by reducing tissue pressure outside the carotid sinus by 34 ± 3 mmHg) decreased mean arterial pressure by 16 ± 2 mmHg, but did not reduce significantly the renal venous—arterial difference in plasma renin activity. Likewise decrease in carotid sinus transmural pressure (obtained by increasing tissue pressure outside the carotid sinus by 39 ± 2 mmHg) increased mean arterial pressure by 14 ± 3 mmHg, but caused only a very slight increase in the renal venous—arterial difference in plasma renin activity. 3. Passive tilting reduced mean arterial pressure by 9 ± 1 mmHg. In this circumstance the renal venous—arterial difference in plasma renin activity increased significantly and markedly. 4. It is concluded that in essential hypertension the carotid sinus baroreceptors, though active in blood pressure control, do not exert a major influence on renin release. In these patients reflex increase of renin during tilting is apparently mediated through other receptors than those in the carotid sinuses.
13 citations
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TL;DR: The BRACE-CORONA trial offered no evidence that during a COVID-19 infection ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers affect the disease outcome, in line with the previous evidence that this is the case for pretreatment with these drugs as well.
Abstract: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the hypertension world was shaken by the evidence that, as shown in 2003 for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-corona virus, the SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus entered the cell via an enzyme, the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is part of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and thus, albeit somewhat collaterally, of the mechanisms through which ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and, to a lesser extent, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists exert their therapeutic lifesaving influence in hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and the post-myocardial infarction state. Evidence that these drugs might up-regulate ACE2 in several organs, including the lungs and the heart, favoured the hypothesis, widely reported by the press, that the susceptibility to the infection, as well as its severity, might increase by their chronic use, and that thus their discontinuation might represent an appropriate defense measure against the expanding rate of the disease and its lethality. Large observational studies performed in the subsequent months have made the hypothesis of an adverse effect of pretreatment with RAAS blockers on the risk and severity of the COVID-19 infection unlikely, offering support to the recommendations of Scientific Societies and Health-Care Organizations to continue assumption of these drugs and thus avoid the well-known increase of cardiovascular risk that follows their discontinuation. The same studies showed that pretreatment with RAAS blockers did not reduce the risk and severity of the COVID19 infection, offering no support also to the counter-hypothesis, i.e. that, because ACE2 metabolizes angiotensin II from a powerful vasoconstrictor to a vasodilator or inactive substance, RAAS blocker pretreatment might protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In more recent months, attention has shifted from the effects of RAAS-blocker-based pretreatment to those that may be associated with their administration during the infection, due to reports that the virusrelated death was less common in patients in whom this treatment was continued, even when compared with use of other antihypertensive agents. The reports were generated by uncontrolled studies, which limited their scientific strength and made their conclusion largely hypothetical. This is now no more the case, however, because the hypothesis has been tested by a trial (BRACE-CORONA) which has examined the outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients randomized to temporary suspension or continuation of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker treatment. The trial involved 34 Brazilian medical sites which recruited 659 hypertensive patients defined as having a COVID-19 infection of moderate severity and elected to take, as the primary endpoint, the number of days they were alive and out-of-hospital over a 30-day period. The design was open label and the endpoint estimate was blind. As shown in the presentation of the trial at the recent virtual meeting of the European Society of Cardiology, the number of alive and out-of-hospital patients was similar between the two groups, the mean risk ratio being 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.90–1.01, P = 0.09) with a between-group not significant difference of just 1.1 days. The same was true for the number of patients who died (9 in either group) which exhibited a risk ratio of 0.97 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.38–2.52 (P = 0.95). This justified the conclusion that the results offered no evidence that during a COVID-19 infection ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers affect the disease outcome, in line with the previous evidence that this is the case for pretreatment with these drugs as well. Do the results of the BRACE-CORONA trial provide a final negative answer to the hypothesis of a relationship between RAAS blockers and the SARS-CoV-2 virus? Although the BRACE-CORONA trial was correctly designed and well conducted, the trial has limitations that make confirmatory studies desirable. First, although further data may be made available in the published paper, the presentation did not include ontreatment variables, leaving without answer the possibility for the between-group outcome similarity to be driven by BP or other differences that moved to the null some direct effect of RAAS blockers on the disease severity. Second, rather than assessing the disease severity by death or need of intensive care, the trial made use of an unusual primary endpoint, i.e. patients alive and out-of-hospital, which might have been influenced by differences in dismissal criteria from hospital between medical sites. Third, although the included patients had a high prevalence of factors that are known to increase COVID-19 severity (hypertension: 100%, diabetes: >30%, obesity: >55%), mortality was so low as to prevent any meaningful analysis of an endpoint such as death as well as to use death to reliably back the primary endpoint results. Finally, the study was not planned to separately analyse the effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, despite previous reports that during the COVID-19 infection their effect may differ Because the number of patients under ACE inhibitors was much greater than that of patients under angiotensin receptor blockers, it seems unlikely that this question will be convincingly addressed by subgroup analysis.
13 citations
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TL;DR: It is concluded that the impairment of the cardiopulmonary reflex observed in athletes is largely reversible when physical training is terminated, and may be due to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy.
Abstract: In professional athletes with marked cardiac hypertrophy, reflex influences originating from cardiopulmonary receptors are impaired. To determine whether the reflex is restored after termination of physical training and regression of cardiac hypertrophy 8 former athletes (age 31 +/- 6 years, mean +/- SD) who stopped agonistic activity for 5 +/- 1 years were compared with 15 sedentary subjects (27 +/- 7 years) and 19 active professional athletes (22 +/- 7 years). Cardiopulmonary receptor stimulation and deactivation were obtained by increasing and reducing left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (echocardiography) through leg raising and nonhypotensive lower body negative pressure, respectively. Left ventricular mass index (echocardiography) was markedly and significantly (p less than 0.01) greater in athletes (135 +/- 6 g/m2) than in former athletes (105 +/- 4 g/m2) whose value was similar to that of sedentary subjects (98 +/- 4 g/m2). The reduction in forearm vascular resistance and plasma norepinephrine induced by increasing left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 24 and 23% less in athletes than in former athletes whose responses were similar to those of sedentary subjects. This was the case also for the responses induced by reducing left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. In contrast, the hemodynamic responses to cold pressor test were similar in the 3 groups. It is concluded that the impairment of the cardiopulmonary reflex observed in athletes is largely reversible when physical training is terminated. This may be due to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy.
13 citations
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TL;DR: The inability of antihypertensive treatment to offer full protection to the hypertensive individual is discussed, together with the therapeutic strategies to increase the benefits, particularly with respect to limiting end-organ damage and reduction of cardiovascular events.
Abstract: This paper briefly reviews the epidemiological evidence that hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor. It also summarizes the data from controlled intervention trials that show antihypertensive treatment to be accompanied by a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The inability of antihypertensive treatment to offer full protection to the hypertensive individual is then discussed, together with the therapeutic strategies to increase the benefits, particularly with respect to limiting end-organ damage and reduction of cardiovascular events. In this context, emphasis is given to the potential additional benefit conferred by control of 24-h blood pressure and to the compliance advantage of using drugs with a long duration of action. The longevity of the blood pressure lowering effect can compensate for delayed or missed drug consumption, a frequent phenomenon in the chronically treated hypertensive patient.
12 citations
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28,685 citations
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23 Sep 2019TL;DR: The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.
Abstract: The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.
21,235 citations
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TL;DR: In those older than age 50, systolic blood pressure of greater than 140 mm Hg is a more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP, and hypertension will be controlled only if patients are motivated to stay on their treatment plan.
Abstract: The National High Blood Pressure Education Program presents the complete Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Like its predecessors, the purpose is to provide an evidence-based approach to the prevention and management of hypertension. The key messages of this report are these: in those older than age 50, systolic blood pressure (BP) of greater than 140 mm Hg is a more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, CVD risk doubles for each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; those who are normotensive at 55 years of age will have a 90% lifetime risk of developing hypertension; prehypertensive individuals (systolic BP 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic BP 80-89 mm Hg) require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent the progressive rise in blood pressure and CVD; for uncomplicated hypertension, thiazide diuretic should be used in drug treatment for most, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes; this report delineates specific high-risk conditions that are compelling indications for the use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); two or more antihypertensive medications will be required to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg) for patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease; for patients whose BP is more than 20 mm Hg above the systolic BP goal or more than 10 mm Hg above the diastolic BP goal, initiation of therapy using two agents, one of which usually will be a thiazide diuretic, should be considered; regardless of therapy or care, hypertension will be controlled only if patients are motivated to stay on their treatment plan. Positive experiences, trust in the clinician, and empathy improve patient motivation and satisfaction. This report serves as a guide, and the committee continues to recognize that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.
14,975 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a randomized controlled trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly people was presented. But the authors did not discuss the effect of the combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension.
Abstract: ABCD
: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCESS
: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTIVE I
: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation
AHEAD
: Action for HEAlth in Diabetes
ALLHAT
: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack
ALTITUDE
: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints
ANTIPAF
: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
APOLLO
: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People
ARB
: angiotensin receptor blocker
ARIC
: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
ARR
: aldosterone renin ratio
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASCOT-LLA
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm
ASTRAL
: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions
A-V
: atrioventricular
BB
: beta-blocker
BMI
: body mass index
BP
: blood pressure
BSA
: body surface area
CA
: calcium antagonist
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAPPP
: CAPtopril Prevention Project
CAPRAF
: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CHHIPS
: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration
CONVINCE
: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints
CT
: computed tomography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
D
: diuretic
DASH
: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Study
DIRECT
: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials
DM
: diabetes mellitus
DPP-4
: dipeptidyl peptidase 4
EAS
: European Atherosclerosis Society
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EF
: ejection fraction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
ELSA
: European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
ESH
: European Society of Hypertension
ESRD
: end-stage renal disease
EXPLOR
: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination
FDA
: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEVER
: Felodipine EVent Reduction study
GISSI-AF
: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HBPM
: home blood pressure monitoring
HOPE
: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
HT
: hypertension
HYVET
: HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial
IMT
: intima-media thickness
I-PRESERVE
: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function
INTERHEART
: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
INVEST
: INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril
ISH
: Isolated systolic hypertension
JNC
: Joint National Committee
JUPITER
: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
LAVi
: left atrial volume index
LIFE
: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives
LV
: left ventricle/left ventricular
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
LVM
: left ventricular mass
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MRFIT
: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NORDIL
: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study
OC
: oral contraceptive
OD
: organ damage
ONTARGET
: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PATHS
: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PPAR
: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PREVEND
: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease
PROFESS
: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes
PROGRESS
: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QALY
: Quality adjusted life years
RAA
: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAS
: renin-angiotensin system
RCT
: randomized controlled trials
RF
: risk factor
ROADMAP
: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAST
: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke
SCOPE
: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly
SCORE
: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STOP
: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension
STOP-2
: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension
SYSTCHINA
: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial
SYSTEUR
: SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe
TIA
: transient ischaemic attack
TOHP
: Trials Of Hypertension Prevention
TRANSCEND
: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation
WHO
: World Health Organization
### 1.1 Principles
The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …
14,173 citations
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TL;DR: Authors/Task Force Members: Piotr Ponikowski* (Chairperson) (Poland), Adriaan A. Voors* (Co-Chair person) (The Netherlands), Stefan D. Anker (Germany), Héctor Bueno (Spain), John G. F. Cleland (UK), Andrew J. S. Coats (UK)
13,400 citations