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Glenn F. Knoll

Bio: Glenn F. Knoll is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Photomultiplier & X-ray detector. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 8453 citations.

Papers
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Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed analysis of the effect of different types of detectors on the performance of the detection of neutrons and their effect on the detection efficiency and error prediction.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Radiation Sources. I. Units And Definitions. II. Fast Electron Sources. III. Heavy Charged Particle Sources. IV. Sources Of Electromagnetic Radiation. V. Neutron Sources. Chapter 2 Radiation Interactions. I. Interaction Of Heavy Charged Particles. II. Interaction Of Fast Electrons. III. Interaction Of Gamma Rays. IV. Interaction Of Neutrons. V. Radiation Exposure And Dose. Chapter 3 Counting Statistics And Error Prediction. I. Characterization Of Data. II. Statistical Models. III. Applications Of Statistical Models. IV. Error Propagation. V. Optimization Of Counting Experiments. VI. Limits Of Detectability. VII. Distribution Of Time Intervals. Chapter 4 General Properties Of Radiation Detectors. I. Simplified Detector Model. II. Modes Of Detector Operation. III. Pulse Height Spectra. IV. Counting Curves And Plateaus. V. Energy Resolution. VI. Detection Efficiency. VII. Dead Time. Chapter 5 Ionization Chambers. I. The Ionization Process In Gases. II. Charge Migration And Collection. III. Design And Operation Of Dc Ion Chambers. IV. Radiation Dose Measurement With Ion Chambers. V. Applications Of Dc Ion Chambers. VI. Pulse Mode Operation. Chapter 6 Proportional Counters. I. Gas Multiplication. II. Design Features Of Proportional Counters. III. Proportional Counter Performance. IV. Detection Efficiency And Counting Curves. V. Variants Of The Proportional Counter Design. VI. Micropattern Gas Detectors. Chapter 7 Geiger-Mueller Counters. I. The Geiger Discharge. II. Fill Gases. III. Quenching. IV. Time Behavior. V. The Geiger Counting Plateau. VI. Design Features. VII. Counting Efficiency. VIII. Time-To-First-Count Method. IX. G-M Survey Meters. Chapter 8 Scintillation Detector Principles. I. Organic Scintillators. II. Inorganic Scintillators. III. Light Collection And Scintillator Mounting. Chapter 9 Photomultiplier Tubes And Photodiodes. I. Introduction. II. The Photocathode. III. Electron Multiplication. IV. Photomultiplier Tube Characteristics. V. Ancillary Equipment Required With Photomultiplier Tubes. VI. Photodiodes As Substitutes For Photomultiplier Tubes. VII. Scintillation Pulse Shape Analysis. VIII. Hybrid Photomultiplier Tubes. IX. Position-Sensing Photomultiplier Tubes. X. Photoionization Detectors. Chapter 10 Radiation Spectroscopy With Scintillators. I. General Considerations In Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy. II. Gamma-Ray Interactions. III. Predicted Response Functions. IV. Properties Of Scintillation Gamma-Ray Spectrometers. V. Response Of Scintillation Detectors To Neutrons. VI. Electron Spectroscopy With Scintillators. VII. Specialized Detector Configurations Based On Scintillation. Chapter 11 Semiconductor Diode Detectors. I. Semiconductor Properties. II. The Action Of Ionizing Radiation In Semiconductors. III. Semiconductors As Radiation Detectors. IV. Semiconductor Detector Configurations. V. Operational Characteristics. VI. Applications Of Silicon Diode Detectors. Chapter 12 Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors. I. General Considerations. II. Configurations Of Germanium Detectors. III. Germanium Detector Operational Characteristics. IV. Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy With Germanium Detectors. Chapter 13 Other Solid-State Detectors. I. Lithium-Drifted Silicon Detectors. II. Semiconductor Materials Other Than Silicon Or Germanium. III. Avalanche Detectors. IV. Photoconductive Detectors. V. Position-Sensitive Semiconductor Detectors. Chapter 14 Slow Neutron Detection Methods. I. Nuclear Reactions Of Interest In Neutron Detection. II. Detectors Based On The Boron Reaction. III. Detectors Based On Other Conversion Reactions. IV. Reactor Instrumentation. Chapter 15 Fast Neutron Detection And Spectroscopy. I. Counters Based On Neutron Moderation. II. Detectors Based On Fast Neutron-Induced Reactions. III. Detectors That Utilize Fast Neutron Scattering. Chapter 16 Pulse Processing. I. Overview Of Pulse Processing. II. Device Impedances. III. Coaxial Cables. IV. Linear And Logic Pulses. V. Instrument Standards. VI. Summary Of Pulse-Processing Units. VII. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICS). VIII. Components Common To Many Applications. Chapter 17 Pulse Shaping, Counting, And Timing. I. Pulse Shaping. II. Pulse Counting Systems. III. Pulse Height Analysis Systems. IV. Digital Pulse Processing. V. Systems Involving Pulse Timing. VI. Pulse Shape Discrimination. Chapter 18 Multichannel Pulse Analysis. I. Single-Channel Methods. II. General Multichannel Characteristics. III. The Multichannel Analyzer. IV. Spectrum Stabilization And Relocation. V. Spectrum Analysis. Chapter 19 Miscellaneous Detector Types. I. Cherenkov Detectors. II. Gas-Filled Detectors In Self-Quenched Streamer Mode. III. High-Pressure Xenon Spectrometers. IV. Liquid Ionization And Proportional Counters. V. Cryogenic Detectors. VI. Photographic Emulsions. VII. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters And Image Plates. VIII. Track-Etch Detectors. IX. Superheated Drop Or "Bubble Detectors". X. Neutron Detection By Activation. XI. Detection Methods Based On Integrated Circuit Components. Chapter 20 Background And Detector Shielding. I. Sources Of Background. II. Background In Gamma-Ray Spectra. III. Background In Other Detectors. IV. Shielding Materials. V. Active Methods Of Background Reduction. Appendix A The NIM, CAMAC, And VME Instrumentation Standards. Appendix B Derivation Of The Expression For Sample Variance In Chapter 3. Appendix C Statistical Behavior Of Counting Data For Variable Mean Value. Appendix D The Shockley-Ramo Theorem For Induced Charge.

8,458 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a systematic derivation and discussion of the practical formulae needed to design and interpret direct searches for nuclear recoil events caused by hypothetical weakly interacting dark matter particles.

1,290 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state-of-the-art of diffuse optical imaging is reviewed, which is an emerging technique for functional imaging of biological tissue and recent work on in vivo applications including imaging the breast and brain is reviewed.
Abstract: We review the current state-of-the-art of diffuse optical imaging, which is an emerging technique for functional imaging of biological tissue. It involves generating images using measurements of visible or near-infrared light scattered across large (greater than several centimetres) thicknesses of tissue. We discuss recent advances in experimental methods and instrumentation, and examine new theoretical techniques applied to modelling and image reconstruction. We review recent work on in vivo applications including imaging the breast and brain, and examine future challenges.

1,237 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the principle, the advantages and limitations of X-ray CT itself are presented, together with an overview of some current applications of micro-CT in geosciences.

1,134 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a solution-processed double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystals are used to make a sensitive X-ray detector with a minimum detectable dose rate as low as 59.7 nGyair's−1.
Abstract: Sensitive X-ray detection is crucial for medical diagnosis, industrial inspection and scientific research. The recently described hybrid lead halide perovskites have demonstrated low-cost fabrication and outstanding performance for direct X-ray detection, but they all contain toxic Pb in a soluble form. Here, we report sensitive X-ray detectors using solution-processed double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystals. Through thermal annealing and surface treatment, we largely eliminate Ag+/Bi3+ disordering and improve the crystal resistivity, resulting in a detector with a minimum detectable dose rate as low as 59.7 nGyair s−1, comparable to the latest record of 0.036 μGyair s−1 using CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals. Suppressed ion migration in Cs2AgBiBr6 permits relatively large external bias, guaranteeing efficient charge collection without a substantial increase in noise current and thus enabling the low detection limit. Double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystals are used to make a sensitive X-ray detector. The device exhibits a high sensitivity of 105 µC Gyair −1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 59.7 nGyairs−1, and demonstrates long-term operational stability.

812 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A CT system with energy detection capabilities is presented, which was used to demonstrate the feasibility of quantitative K-edge CT imaging experimentally and derive a phenomenological model for the detector response and the energy bin sensitivities.
Abstract: Theoretical considerations predicted the feasibility of K-edge x-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging using energy discriminating detectors with more than two energy bins. This technique enables material-specific imaging in CT, which in combination with high-Z element based contrast agents, opens up possibilities for new medical applications. In this paper, we present a CT system with energy detection capabilities, which was used to demonstrate the feasibility of quantitative K-edge CT imaging experimentally. A phantom was imaged containing PMMA, calcium-hydroxyapatite, water and two contrast agents based on iodine and gadolinium, respectively. Separate images of the attenuation by photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering were reconstructed from energy-resolved projection data using maximum-likelihood basis-component decomposition. The data analysis further enabled the display of images of the individual contrast agents and their concentrations, separated from the anatomical background. Measured concentrations of iodine and gadolinium were in good agreement with the actual concentrations. Prior to the tomographic measurements, the detector response functions for monochromatic illumination using synchrotron radiation were determined in the energy range 25 keV-60 keV. These data were used to calibrate the detector and derive a phenomenological model for the detector response and the energy bin sensitivities.

807 citations