1,2-Amino Alcohols and Their Heterocyclic Derivatives as Chiral Auxiliaries in Asymmetric Synthesis

Design and functionalization strategies for multifunctional nanocarriers (e.g., nanoparticles, micelles, polymersomes) based on biodegradable/biocompatible polymers intended to be employed for active targeting and drug delivery are reviewed. This review will focus on the nature of the polymers involved in the preparation of targeted nanocarriers, the synthesis methods to achieve the desired macromolecular architecture, the selected coupling strategy, the choice of the homing molecules (vitamins, hormones, peptides, proteins, etc.), as well as the various strategies to display them at the surface of nanocarriers. The resulting morphologies and the main colloidal features will be given as well as an overview of the biological activities, with a special focus on the main in vivo achievements.

Design, functionalization strategies and biomedical applications of targeted biodegradable/biocompatible polymer-based nanocarriers for drug delivery

Multivalent interactions can be applied universally for a targeted strengthening of an interaction between different interfaces or molecules. The binding partners form cooperative, multiple receptor-ligand interactions that are based on individually weak, noncovalent bonds and are thus generally reversible. Hence, multi- and polyvalent interactions play a decisive role in biological systems for recognition, adhesion, and signal processes. The scientific and practical realization of this principle will be demonstrated by the development of simple artificial and theoretical models, from natural systems to functional, application-oriented systems. In a systematic review of scaffold architectures, the underlying effects and control options will be demonstrated, and suggestions will be given for designing effective multivalent binding systems, as well as for polyvalent therapeutics.

Multivalency as a chemical organization and action principle.

Biocatalysis has emerged as an important tool in the industrial synthesis of bulk chemicals, pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediates, active pharmaceuticals, and food ingredients. However, the number and diversity of the applications are modest, perhaps in part because of perceived or real limitations of biocatalysts, such as limited enzyme availability, substrate scope, and operational stability. Recent scientific breakthroughs in genomics, directed enzyme evolution, and the exploitation of biodiversity should help to overcome these limitations. As a result, we expect many new industrial applications of biocatalysis to be realized, from single-step enzymatic conversions to customized multistep microbial synthesis by means of metabolic pathway engineering.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/299/5613/1694.full.pdf

Dispelling the myths--biocatalysis in industrial synthesis.

Cell-surface receptors acquire information from the extracellular environment and coordinate intracellular responses Many receptors do not operate as individual entities, but rather as part of dimeric or oligomeric complexes Coupling the functions of multiple receptors may endow signaling pathways with the sensitivity and malleability required to govern cellular responses Moreover, multireceptor signaling complexes may provide a means of spatially segregating otherwise degenerate signaling cascades Understanding the mechanisms, extent, and consequences of receptor co-localization and interreceptor communication is critical; chemical synthesis can provide compounds to address the role of receptor assembly in signal transduction Multivalent ligands can be generated that possess a variety of sizes, shapes, valencies, orientations, and densities of binding elements This Review focuses on the use of synthetic multivalent ligands to characterize receptor function

Synthetic Multivalent Ligands as Probes of Signal Transduction

9. Dimers of Miyauchi 853 10. BSA Glycoconjugates of Jacob 853 11. Polymeric Fucopeptides of Wong 853 IV. Inhibitors Not Based upon Sialyl Lewisx 854 A. Polyanions 854 B. Peptides 855 C. Natural Products 855 1. Glycorrhyzin-Type Molecules 855 2. Deoxynojirimycin-Containing SLex 856 V. Evaluation of Target Structures 856 A. Cytel Assay 856 B. Novartis Assay 857 C. Glycolipid Assay of Lasky, Hasegawa, and Brandley 857

Selectinminus signCarbohydrate Interactions: From Natural Ligands to Designed Mimics.

Physical properties and synthetic utility of .alpha.-alkoxyorganolithium species as studied through ligand selectivity in tin-lithium exchange

Synthese du fragment C21-C37 de l'amphotericine B, le t-butyldimethylsiloxy-15 dimethyl-14,16 methoxyethoxymethoxy-17 octadecaene-2,4,6,8,10,12 al

L-aspartic acid in acyclic stereoselective synthesis: synthetic studies on amphotericin B

▪ Abstract Enzymes have become exceedingly valuable tools in organic synthesis as the reactions they catalyze generally proceed under mild conditions and in high stereo- and regioselectivity. Advances in microbiology and genetic engineering have greatly increased the availability of various enzymes. One of the most useful applications of enzyme-catalyzed chemical transformations is in the synthesis of water-soluble, polyfunctional organic molecules such as carbohydrates. As the pivotal roles that carbohydrates play in biological processes become more evident, access to these compounds becomes increasingly important. This review gives a brief overview of the use of aldolases and transketolases in the synthesis of sugars, sugar analogs, and related compounds.

Glenn J. McGarvey

Papers

Selectinminus signCarbohydrate Interactions: From Natural Ligands to Designed Mimics.

Physical properties and synthetic utility of .alpha.-alkoxyorganolithium species as studied through ligand selectivity in tin-lithium exchange

L-aspartic acid in acyclic stereoselective synthesis: synthetic studies on amphotericin B

MICROBIAL ALDOLASES AND TRANSKETOLASES:New Biocatalytic Approaches to Simple and Complex Sugars

Acyclic Stereoselective Synthesis of Carbohydrates