Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers

Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most poorly utilised of the lignocellulosic biopolymers. Effective valorisation of lignin requires careful fine-tuning of multiple "upstream" (i.e., lignin bioengineering, lignin isolation and "early-stage catalytic conversion of lignin") and "downstream" (i.e., lignin depolymerisation and upgrading) process stages, demanding input and understanding from a broad array of scientific disciplines. This review provides a "beginning-to-end" analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation. Particular emphasis is placed on the improved understanding of lignin's biosynthesis and structure, differences in structure and chemical bonding between native and technical lignins, emerging catalytic valorisation strategies, and the relationships between lignin structure and catalyst performance.

Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis.

Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: A review.

Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review

Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.

The surface tension of mixtures is a physical property of great importance for mass transfer processes such as distillation, extraction, or absorption. The surface tension of aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol was measured over the entire concentration range at temperatures of 20--50 C. The experimental values were correlated with temperature and with mole fraction. The maximum deviation was in both cases always less than 3%.

Surface Tension of Alcohol Water + Water from 20 to 50 .degree.C

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, and monoethanolamine + 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol was measured at temperatures from 25 °C to 50 °C. The concentration ranges were 0−100 mass % monoethanolamine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, and for tertiary mixtures 50 mass % total amine concentration (the concentration range for each amine was 0−50 mass %). The experimental values were correlated with temperature and mole fraction. The maximum deviation was in both cases always less than 0.5%.

Surface Tension of Binary Mixtures of Water + Monoethanolamine and Water + 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and Tertiary Mixtures of These Amines with Water from 25 °C to 50 °C

Gonzalo Vázquez

Papers

Surface Tension of Alcohol Water + Water from 20 to 50 .degree.C

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts

Surface Tension of Binary Mixtures of Water + Monoethanolamine and Water + 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and Tertiary Mixtures of These Amines with Water from 25 °C to 50 °C

Removal of cadmium and mercury ions from aqueous solution by sorption on treated Pinus pinaster bark: kinetics and isotherms.

Effect of chemical modification of lignin on the gluebond performance of lignin-phenolic resins