Goosen

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature on concentration polarization in ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis is presented, with specific models such as surface renewal, and experimental methods such as laser-based refractometry, for quantification of the problem.

TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of forward osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations are presented, along with a review of the current state of the art.

TL;DR: In this article, the technical applicability of various physico-chemical treatments for the removal of heavy metals such as Cd(II), Cr(III, Cr(VI), Cu(II, Ni(II) and Zn(II).

TL;DR: Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have come a long way since it was first introduced during the late 80's as mentioned in this paper, and significant development has taken place in terms of the fundamental understanding of the transport mechanism in NF membranes, which has been translated into predictive modeling based on the modified extended Nernst-Planck equation.

TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of both concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on permeate water flux through a commercially available forward osmosis membrane was investigated and a flux model that accounts for the presence of both internal and external concentration polarization for the two possible membrane orientations involving the feed and draw solutions was presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent developments in forward osmosis (FO) focusing on the opportunities and challenges is presented, as well as a clear outline for FO-concerned researchers.