Gordon Rostoker

TL;DR: In this article, an attempt is made to define a geomagnetic storm as an interval of time when a sufficiently intense and long-lasting interplanetary convection electric field leads, through a substantial energization in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, to an intensified ring current sufficiently strong to exceed some key threshold of the quantifying storm time Dst index.

TL;DR: An operational definition of the magnetospheric substorm and a critique of the various signatures by which researchers can identify the time sequence and spatial extent of the substorm are presented in this article.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize the current understanding of the storm/substorm relationship by clearing up a considerable amount of controversy and by addressing the question of how solar wind energy is deposited into and is dissipated in the constituent elements that are critical to magnetospheric and ionospheric processes during magnetic storms.

TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that large amplitude ULF pulsations are a unique feature of intervals of time in which the fluxes of relativistic electrons rise to high levels at radial distances beyond the normal L-shell range occupied by the outer radiation belt.

TL;DR: The CANOPUS array as mentioned in this paper consists of thirteen magnetometers and riometers, four meridian scanning photometers, a digital allsky imager and an auroral radar linked by geostationary satellite to a central receiving node.