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Modern Applied Statistics With S

We redescribe the only previously known species of Myrsidea from bulbuls, M. pycnonoti Eichler. Sixteen new species are described; they and their type hosts are: M. phillipsi ex Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli), M. gieferi ex P. goiavier suluensis Mearns, M. kulpai ex P. flavescens Blyth, M. finlaysoni ex P. finlaysoni Strickland, M. kathleenae ex P. cafer (L.), M. warwicki ex Ixos philippinus (J. R. Forster), M. mcclurei ex Microscelis amaurotis (Temminck), M. zeylanici ex P. zeylanicus (Gmelin), M. plumosi ex P. plumosus Blyth, M. eutiloti ex P. eutilotus (Jardine and Selby), M. adamsae ex P. urostictus (Salvadori), M. ochracei ex Criniger ochraceus F. Moore, M. borbonici ex Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster), M. johnsoni ex P. atriceps (Temminck), M. palmai ex C. ochraceus, and M. claytoni ex P. eutilotus. A key is provided for the identification of these 17 species.

A new species

Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes

EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE COMPONENTES BIOTICOS CONSTITUYE UNA PRIMERA ETAPA HACIA UNA TEORIA BIOGEOGRAFICA SINTETICA. EN MEXICO PODEMOS CARACTERIZAR 3 COMPONENTES BIOTICOS PRINCIPALES, CADA UNO CON UNA COMBINACION DIFERENTE DE ELEMENTOS BIOTICOS. EL COMPONENTE NEARTICO (REGION NEARTICA) INCLUYE LAS AREAS ARIDAS SUBTROPICALES DEL NORTE DEL PAIS, EN LAS PROVINCIAS BIOGEOGRAFICAS DE CALIFORNIA, BAJA CALIFORNIA, SONORA, ALTIPLANO MEXICANO Y TAMAULIPAS. EN ESTE COMPONENTE PREDOMINA EL ELEMENTO ORIGINAL (SEPTENTRIONAL ANTIGUO O PALEOAMERICANO), JUNTO CON OTRO DE DISPERSION MAS RECIENTE (NEARTICO) Y UN TERCERO NEOTROPICAL ANTIGUO. LOS EVENTOS VICARIANTES ASOCIADOS CON LA EVOLUCION BIOTICA DEL COMPONENTE NEARTICO SE RELACIONAN CON LA FORMACION DE LA SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL, QUE AISLO EL DESIERTO DE CHIHUAHUA DE LOS DESIERTOS DE SONORA Y MOHAVE; Y LA EXPANSION DEL MAR DE CORTES, QUE AISLO LA PENINSULA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA DEL CONTINENTE. EL COMPONENTE TRANSICIONAL (ZONA DE TRANSICION MEXICANA) INCLUYE LAS AREAS BASICAMENTE MONTANOSAS DEL CENTRO DEL PAIS, QUE SE ASIGNAN A LAS PROVINCIAS BIOGEOGRAFICAS DE LA SIERRA MADRE ORIENTAL, SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL, EJE VOLCANICO TRANSMEXICANO, CUENCA DEL BALSAS Y SIERRA MADRE DEL SUR. EN ESTE COMPONENTE COEXISTEN LOS ELEMENTOS PALEOAMERICANO, NEARTICO, MESOAMERICANO TROPICAL Y MESOAMERICANO DE MONTANA. LOS EVENTOS VICARIANTES ASOCIADOS CON LA EVOLUCION BIOTICA DEL COMPONENTE TRANSICIONAL SE RELACIONAN CON EL DESARROLLO DE LAS SIERRAS MADRE Y EL VULCANISMO DEL EJE VOLCANICO TRANSMEXICANO. EL COMPONENTE NEOTROPICAL (REGION NEOTROPICAL) INCLUYE AREAS TROPICALES HUMEDAS Y SUBHUMEDAS DEL SUR DE MEXICO, ASIGNADAS A LAS PROVINCIAS BIOGEOGRAFICAS DE LA COSTA PACIFICA MEXICANA, GOLFO DE MEXICO, CHIAPAS Y PENINSULA DE YUCATAN. EN ESTE PREDOMINA EL ELEMENTO MESOAMERICANO TROPICAL, AUNQUE TAMBIEN PRESENTA LOS ELEMENTOS NEARTICO Y ANTILLANO. LOS EVENTOS VICARIANTES ASOCIADOS CON LA EVOLUCION BIOTICA DEL COMPONENTE NEOTROPICAL SE RELACIONAN CON EL DESARROLLO DE LOS ISTMOS DE TEHUANTEPEC Y PANAMA Y LA INUNDACION DE LAS TIERRAS BAJAS DE NICARAGUA Y DE LA PENINSULA DE YUCATAN.

http://www.revista.ib.unam.mx/index.php/bio/article/download/303/1845

Hacia una sintesis biogeografica de Mexico

In terms of biodiversity, Brazilian inland waters are of enormous global significance for Algae (25% of the world's species), Porifera (Demospongiae, 33%), Rotifera (25%), Cladocera (Branchiopoda, 20%), and fishes (21%). Threatened freshwater species include 44 species of invertebrates (mostly Porifera) and 134 fishes (mostly Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae), primarily distributed in south and southeastern Brazil. Reasons for the declines in biodiversity in Brazilian inland waters include pollution and eutrophication, siltation, impoundments and flood control, fisheries, and species introductions. These problems are more conspicuous in the more-developed regions. The majority of protected areas in Brazil have been created for terrestrial fauna and flora, but they also protect significant water bodies and wetlands. As a result, although very poorly documented, these areas are of great importance for aquatic species. A major and pressing challenge is the assessment of the freshwater biodiversity in protected areas and surveys to better understand the diversity and geography of freshwater species in Brazil. The concept of umbrella species (e.g., certain migratory fishes) would be beneficial for the protection of aquatic biodiversity and habitats. The conservation and improved management of river corridors and associated floodplains and the maintenance of their hydrological integrity is fundamental to preserving Brazil's freshwater biodiversity and the health of its aquatic resources.

Conservation of the Biodiversity of Brazil's Inland Waters

Using published records and original data derived from my research, a checklist was generated of the helminth parasite fauna in 194 native and 18 introduced freshwater fish species from 30 families from Mexico. The checklist contains 262 nominal species, from 152 genera and 59 families of helminth parasites. It includes 37 species of adult trematodes, 52 metacercariae, 49 monogeneans, 15 adult cestodes, 22 metacestodes, 7 adult acanthocephalans, 5 cystacanths, 56 adult nematodes and 19 larval nematodes. Most of these species (150, 57%) are Neotropical, 35 (13%) are Nearctic, and 28 (11%) are either anthropogenically introduced into Mexico (21 of them), or are world-wide in their distribution (7 species). Insufficient data preclude the determination of the status of the rest of the species. Only 18 of these species are tentativelly pointed out as endemic to Mexico, although 55 species are recognized as being endemic to Mesoamerica. The data demonstrate that the helminth fauna of freshwater fish in Mexico is divided into Neotropical and Nearctic components with no apparent transition zone between them. The Nearctic fauna mainly consists of allogenic generalist species capable of invading Neotropical hosts and environments, but the Neotropical fauna, mostly autogenic and consisting of specialists to certain host families, is limited to Neotropical environments and hosts. This Neotropical fauna forms part of a Mesoamerican zone that extends from southeast Mexico along the Gulf of Mexico slope and into Central America. Fish families have typical groups of helminth species which allows the spatial distribution of helminths to follow that of their hosts. Together with their allogenic generalist characteristics, this gives this helminth fauna a broad distribution that covers Mexico’s Neotropical and Nearctic basins.

Checklist of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes from Mexico

Introduction of the parasite Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 with the herbivorous carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and other cyprinids, has been documented in almost every continent, except Antarctica. This study presents the current geographical distribution of this cestode in the freshwater fish of Mexico, highlighting infections in autochthonous and endemic species. It compiles existing information and presents original data. B. acheilognathi is widely dispersed among the freshwater fish of Mexico, being recorded to date in 49 fish species from 26 genera, 7 families and 5 orders. B. acheilognathi is reported from Mexico for the first time in Dionda ipni, Notropis celayensis, Yuriria alta, Gambusia vittata, Poecilia butleri, P. mexicana, Poeciliopsis baenschi, Poeciliopsis sp., Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum and C. labridens. The new hosts identified in this study bring the total number of known host species to 102 in 14 families and 7 orders of freshwater fishes around the world. Given its wide distribution among Mexican freshwater fish species, the abundance of the parasite and its high pathogenicity, parasitological data for B. acheilognathi should be considered as an important factor in native fish conservation policies. Biological changes in the freshwater habitats in Mexico caused by the introduction of exotic fish species and their parasites are virtually ubiquitous and extremely difficult to eradicate once established. As such, they should be considered as one of the most serious threats to native fish conservation.

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The Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi: a potential threat to native freshwater fish species in Mexico

The taxonomy, distributional history, present occurrence, life cycle, morphology of developmental stages and epizootiology of the heterophyid trematode Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) in Mexico are reviewed. This parasite was most likely introduced to Mexico with the importation of the first intermediate host, the thiarid snail Melanoides tuberculata, from Asia in 1979. Centrocestus formosanus was first recorded in 1985 as metacercariae in fry of the first generation of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus imported from China and subsequently in other fish from a farm in central Mexico. Since that time the trematode has spread rapidly over a wide area which includes central Mexico and both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. This rapid spread has apparently been enabled by previous propagation of M. tuberculata in Mexico. Metacercariae of C. formosanus occur encysted on the gills of fish. They have been found in 39 species of fish of the families Atherinidae, Characidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3082994

The Introduction and Dispersal of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Mexico: A Review

A review of heterophyid trematodes found in Mexico, both as metacercariae encysted in fish and adults in fish-eating birds and mammals, is presented, including numerous new geographical and host records. Data on the morphology, spectrum of intermediate and definitive hosts, site of infection of metacercariae, distribution in Mexico and biology of the following species are provided (species first reported from Mexico marked with an asterisk): *Ascocotyle (Ascocotyle) gemina Font, Overstreet and Heard, 1984; A. (A.) leighi Burton, 1956; A. (A.) tenuicollis Price, 1935; A. (Leighia) chandleri Lumsden, 1963; *A. (L.) mcintoshi Price, 1936; A. (L.) megalocephala Price, 1932; A. (L.) nunezae Scholz, Vargas-Vazquez, Vidal-Martinez and Aguirre-Macedo, 1997; Ascocotyle (Leighia) sp.; *A. (Phagicola) ampullacea Miller and Harkema, 1962; A. (P.) diminuta Stunkard and Haviland, 1924; A. (P.) macrostoma (Robinson, 1956); *A. (P.) longa Ransom, 1920; A. (P.) nana Ransom, 1920; Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924);...

/pdf/trematodes-of-the-family-heterophyidae-digenea-in-mexico-a-11ctp27fwz.pdf

Trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Digenea) in Mexico: a review of species and new host and geographical records

The composition, richness and similarity of helminth communities in a tropical freshwater fish were determined in samples of Cichlasoma urophthalmus collected from 7 localities of broadly similar age and character situated along the northern coast of the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. The component communities exhibited a unique combination of characteristics for a freshwater fish. They were dominated by digeneans, with all other helminth groups being numerically inferior. A common suite of species could be recognized, but many of its members were generalists and not cichlid specialists. Species richness and number of individuals per host were high, but diversity was low, reflecting high dominance by one species. Intra- and inter-locality similarity levels were low, and local variation high. In respect of species richness and digenean dominance, the communities resembled those in Australian tropical anguillids, but in respect of low diversity, similarity and high dominance they are more similar to helminth communities of northern temperate fish.

Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado

Papers

Checklist of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes from Mexico

The Asian fish tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi: a potential threat to native freshwater fish species in Mexico

The Introduction and Dispersal of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Mexico: A Review

Trematodes of the family Heterophyidae (Digenea) in Mexico: a review of species and new host and geographical records

Richness and similarity of helminth communities in the tropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma urophthalmus from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico