Gulbrand Lunde

Bio: Gulbrand Lunde is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Arsenic & Raw material. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 5 publications receiving 165 citations.

Analysis of arsenic and bromine in marine and terrestrial oils.

Abstract: Samples of marine and terrestrial oils of both plant and animal origin have been analyzed for arsenic and bromine content Two oil samples (cod liver oil and oil extracted from mackerel fillets) were fractionated on silica gel columns and bromine was determined in the different fractions The results obtained indicate that lipid soluble bromine and arseno organic compounds are characteristic components of marine animal and marine plant oils (seaweed) The results also show that the bromine is not localized in any particular compound or type of compounds The bromine-containing compounds seem to be relatively stable, but the arseno-containing compounds are not When oils containing arsenic and bromine were saponified, some of the arsenic and bromine compounds were found in the fatty acid fraction while others appeared in the water soluble fraction

Analysis of Arsenic in Marine Oils by Neutron Activation. Evidence of Arseno Organic Compounds

Abstract: The arsenic content of phospholipid fractions separated from codliver oil(Gadus morrhua) and herring oil(Clupea harengus) was analyzed by means of neutron activation The fractions were separated on a silicic acid column by chloroform/ methanol mixtures as eluting agents The results indicate that the arsenic appears as arseno or-ganic compounds Two such compounds were evident in herring oil

Activation analysis of trace elements in lipids with emphasis on marine oils

Abstract: A short introduction to the activation analyses is given where some of the main features of the method, especially when applied on biological material, are described. The following trace elements are analyzed in marine and vegetable oils: arsenic, bromine, sodium, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel and iron. Both arsenic and bromine are present as organic compounds. The arsenic is removed in the alkali refining process. The distribution of trace elements in oils has been studied by use of autoradiography and γ-spectroscopy. The results indicate that this distribution is dependent on the phospholipid content in the oil. A high phospholipid content seems to give a more homogeneous distribution of inorganic trace elements.

The analysis of organically bound elements (As, Se, Br) and phosphorus in raw, refined, bleached and hydrogenated marine oils produced from fish of different quality

Abstract: Marine oils have been produced in pilot plant by boiling, pressing and separation of the press liquor from raw material (mackerel and herring) of different levels of spoilage. The difference in quality is obtained by varying the period of storage. Some of the oil samples have been refined and hydrogenated. In samples taken both from the raw oils and from oils at the different steps in the processing, organic bound arsenic, selenium, bromine and phosphorus are analyzed. When the raw material deteriorates during storage, an increase in the selenium and phosphorus content in the oils produced from these materials is observed, whereas the bromine and the arsenic content is nearly constant. During the refining the arsenic and phosphorus disappear almost completely from the oils, whereas the selenium content is reduced to about two-thirds and the bromine content is nearly unaffected. In the hydrogenation step the selenium disappears relatively fast and the bromine more slowly.

The presence of volatile, nonpolar bromo organic compounds synthesized by marine organisms

Abstract: The presence of volatile, nonpolar bromine-containing compounds in marine organisms is demonstrated. These compounds represent, especially in tissue containing a high fat content, ca. 0.1–1.0% of the total amount of bromo organic compounds present in marine oils. In tissue with a low fat content, a higher concentration of bromo organic compounds is found. It is concluded that these compounds are probably synthesized in one or more stages in the marine food chain. These compounds may follow and disturb the analyses when isolating and determining chlorinated hydrocarbons originating from industrial and other sources of pollution.

Arsenic species in seafood: Origin and human health implications

Abstract: The presence of arsenic in marine samples was first reported over 100 years ago, and shortly thereafter it was shown that common seafood such as fish, crustaceans, and mol- luscs contained arsenic at exceedingly high concentrations. It was noted at the time that this seafood arsenic was probably present as an organically bound species because the concen- trations were so high that if the arsenic had been present as an inorganic species it would cer- tainly have been toxic to the humans consuming seafood. Investigations in the late 1970s identified the major form of seafood arsenic as arsenobetaine ((CH 3 ) 3 As + CH 2 COO - ), a harmless organoarsenic compound which, following ingestion by humans, is rapidly excreted in the urine. Since that work, however, over 50 additional arsenic species have been identi- fied in marine organisms, including many important food products. For most of these arsenic compounds, the human toxicology remains unknown. The current status of arsenic in seafood will be discussed in terms of the possible origin of these compounds and the implications of their presence in our foods.

Occurrence and transformation of arsenic in the marine environment.

Abstract: Among the trace elements, arsenic appears to possess a unique position in the environment. When comparing terrestrial and marine organisms there seems to be a significant difference between both level and chemical forms of arsenic. The level of arsenic in terrestrial organisms is seldom above 1 ppm (dry material) whereas the corresponding values for marine organisms vary from several parts per million up to more than 100 ppm. Furthermore, results so far show that marine organisms are able to convert inorganic arsenic into organic arsenic compounds. No evidence points to a corresponding ability in the terrestrial ones. In the aquatic organisms the arsenic is present as both lipid soluble and water soluble compounds. The water-soluble organic arsenic compounds have a basic character and are very stable to chemical and metabolic breakdown.