Chromium has long been recognized as a toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic metal It is toxic to microorganism, plants, animals and humans Chromium exists in environment in two stable forms: Cr(VI) and Cr(III) Cr(III) is less toxic and insoluble, while Cr(VI) is extremely toxic and highly soluble Chromium is used in many industrial applications, but it poses a threat to local environment The effluents and solid wastes from the mining, chrome-plating, leather-tanning, and dye-manufacturing industries are high in chromium concentration and identified as a major health hazard because of pollution to the environment Industrial waste is used in landfilling, which causes the seepage, and the leaching of toxic chromium from soil into water bodies poses a threat to the environment Ferrochrome industry is one of the biggest contributors of the chromium pollution to the water bodies South Africa has the world’s largest chromium reserve The waste materials produced by ferrochrome industry are slag, dust and processed water These wastes have high chromium concentration that can cause pollution to the environment Inhalation is the major exposure route of the Cr(VI) toxicity in humans The bioremediation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the polluted site is a cost-effective and ecofriendly solution for preventing chromium detoxification Bioremediation can be in situ or ex situ, and choice of remediation method depends upon the extent of pollution and the nature of the site This paper summarizes the chromium pollution caused by ferrochrome industries, current remediation method adopted by ferrochrome industries, and the possible new methods for effective bioremediation This paper focuses mainly on bioremediation techniques to convert the high-toxic form of chromium to less-toxic and mobile form of chromium

/pdf/chromium-in-environment-its-toxic-effect-from-chromite-rhm0a4zqvh.pdf

Chromium in Environment, Its Toxic Effect from Chromite-Mining and Ferrochrome Industries, and Its Possible Bioremediation

Biologically-mediated carbon capture and utilization by microalgae towards sustainable CO2 biofixation and biomass valorization – A review

Phycocyanin from Spirulina: A review of extraction methods and stability.

The interest of the food industry in replacing artificial dyes with natural pigments has grown recently. Cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins (PBPs), phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC), are colored water-soluble proteins that are used as natural pigments. Additionally, red PE and blue PC have antioxidant capabilities. We have formulated a new food prototype based on PBP-fortified skim milk. PBPs from Andean cyanobacteria were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and freeze-drying. The stability of PE and PC was evaluated by changes in their absorption spectra at various pH (1-14) and temperature (0-80 °C) values. Purified PBPs showed chemical stability under pH values of 5 to 8 and at temperatures between 0 and 50 °C. The antioxidant property of PBP was confirmed by ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical ion scavenging, and FRAP (Ferric Antioxidant Power) assays. The absence of PBP toxicity against Caenorhabditis elegans was confirmed up to 1 mg PBP/mL. Skim milk fortified with PE obtained a higher score after sensory tests. Thus, a functional food based on skim milk-containing cyanobacterial PBPs can be considered an innovative beverage for the food industry. PBPs were stable at an ultra-high temperature (138 °C and 4 s). PBP stability improvements by changes at its primary structure and the incorporation of freeze-dried PBPs into sachets should be considered as alternatives for their future commercialization.

Use of Phycobiliproteins from Atacama Cyanobacteria as Food Colorants in a Dairy Beverage Prototype.

In-vitro molecular docking analysis of microalgae extracted phycocyanin as an anti-diabetic candidate

Photostabilization of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis modified by formaldehyde

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/2/022013/pdf

Characterization and physicochemical properties of chlorophyll extract from Spirulina sp.

Microalgae have some pigments which are potential to be used as functional colorant for foods and cosmetics industries. Here, Spirulina fusiformis is one of the major sources of a blue pigment phycocyanin which has commercial and biotechnological value for biomedical research, as well as a natural colorant for food and cosmetic industries. This study aims at investigating the characteristic of isolated C-phycocyanin from Spirulina fusiformis and its stability under different temperature. A food grade phycocyanin with purity of 2.0 (A620/A280) was obtained successfully from Spirulina fusiformis cultured in seawater-based modified medium and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. No significant changes were observed in the spectrum absorbance of C-phycocyanin at temperature up to 60°C over 30 minutes of incubation, and was observed to significantly denaturation at 70°C and higher temperature. Incubation of the pigment at relatively high temperature resulted in a decrease in the spectrum intensities of the C-phycocyanin in a temperature-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that the optimal condition for preserving the stability of food grade phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina fusiformis is taking it at low temperature.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012205/pdf

Characterization of phycocyanin from Spirulina fusiformis and its thermal stability

Fish skin collagen hydrolyzate has demonstrated the potent inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), one of the treatments for type-2 diabetes mellitus (type-2 DM), but the precise mechanism is still unclear. This study used in silico method to evaluate the potential of the active peptides from tilapia skin collagen (Oreochromis niloticus) for DPP-IV inhibitor. The methodology includes collagen hydrolysis using BIOPEP, which is the database of bioactive peptides; active peptide selection; toxicity, allergenicity, sensory analysis of active peptides; and binding of active peptides to DPP-IV compared with linagliptin. The result indicated that in silico enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen produced active peptides with better prediction of biological activity than intact collagen. There are 13 active peptides were predicted as non-toxic and non-allergenic, some of which have a bitter, salty, and undetectable taste. Docking simulations showed all active peptides interacted with DPP-IV through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals force, hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic force, π-sulfur, and unfavorable interaction, where WF (Trp-Phe), VW (Val-Trp), WY (Trp-Tyr), and WG (Trp-Gly) displayed higher binding affinities of 0.8; 0.5; 0.4; and 0.3 kcal/mol compared with linagliptin. In this study, we successfully demonstrated antidiabetic type-2 DM potential of the active peptides from tilapia skin collagen. The obtained data provided preliminary data for further research in the utilization of fish skin waste as a functional compound to treat the type-2 DM patients. Alternatively, this treatment can be synergistically combined with the available antidiabetic drugs to improve the insulin secretion of the type-2 DM patients. 

Gun Gun Gumilar

Papers

In-vitro molecular docking analysis of microalgae extracted phycocyanin as an anti-diabetic candidate

Photostabilization of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis modified by formaldehyde

Characterization and physicochemical properties of chlorophyll extract from Spirulina sp.

Characterization of phycocyanin from Spirulina fusiformis and its thermal stability

In silico proteolysis and molecular interaction of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin collagen-derived peptides for environmental remediation.