A variety of communication networks, such as industrial communication systems, have to provide strict delay guarantees to the carried flows. Fast and close to optimal quality of service (QoS) routing algorithms, e.g., delay-constrained least-cost (DCLC) routing algorithms, are required for routing flows in such networks with strict delay requirements. The emerging software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm centralizes the network control in SDN controllers that can centrally execute QoS routing algorithms. A wide range of QoS routing algorithms have been proposed in the literature and examined in individual studies. However, a comprehensive evaluation framework and quantitative comparison of QoS routing algorithms that can serve as a basis for selecting and further advancing QoS routing in SDN networks is missing in the literature. This makes it difficult to select the most appropriate QoS routing algorithm for a particular use case, e.g., for SDN controlled industrial communications. We close this gap in the literature by conducting a comprehensive up-to-date survey of centralized QoS routing algorithms. We introduce a novel four-dimensional (4D) evaluation framework for QoS routing algorithms, whereby the 4D correspond to the type of topology, two forms of scalability of a topology, and the tightness of the delay constraint. We implemented 26 selected DCLC algorithms and compared their runtime and cost inefficiency within the 4D evaluation framework. While the main conclusion of this evaluation is that the best algorithm depends on the specific sub-space of the 4D space that is targeted, we identify two algorithms, namely Lagrange relaxation-based aggregated cost (LARAC) and search space reduction delay-cost-constrained routing (SSR+DCCR), that perform very well in most of the 4D evaluation space.

https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1420144/file.pdf

Unicast QoS Routing Algorithms for SDN: A Comprehensive Survey and Performance Evaluation

The unmanned aerial vehicle communication networks (UAVCN) comprises of a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to build a network that can be used for many applications. These nodes autonomously fly in free space in ad-hoc mode to carry out the mission. However, the UAVs face some challenging issues during collaboration and communication. These nodes have high speed, hence the communication links fail to route the traffic that affects the routing mechanism. Therefore, UAVCN communication affecting the quality of service and facing the performance issue. Power is another major problem to limit and optimize the use of power, the energy-efficient mechanism is needed. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the issues of unmanned aerial vehicle communication networks: UAVCN characteristics, UAVCN design issues, UAVCN applications, routing protocols, quality of service, power issue and identify the future open research areas which could be considered for further research to explore the UAVCN technology.

UAV Communication Networks Issues: A Review

The mobility and resource limitation of nodes are the critical factors that affect the performance of Mobile AD hoc network (MANET). The mobility of nodes will affect the stability of links, and the limitation of node resources will lead to congestion, so it is very difficult to design a routing protocol that supports quality of service (QoS) in MANET. Especially in the scenario of high-speed node movement, frequent link interruption will damages QoS performance, so it is necessary to design MANET routing protocol that can adapt to network topology changes to support QoS. In this paper, we propose a Topological change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) routing protocol, which can adapt to high-speed node movement to support QoS. In this protocol, a stable path selection algorithm is designed, which not only takes node resources (residual energy, available bandwidth and queue length) as the path selection parameters, but also considers the link stability probability between nodes. Furthermore, in order to adapt to the rapid change of topology, link interrupt prediction mechanism is integrated into the protocol, which updates the routing strategy based on periodic probabilistic estimates of link stability. Different scenarios with node speed in the range of 10-50m/s, data rate in the range of 4-40kbps and number of nodes in the range of 10-100 are simulated on NS2 platform. Our results show that the QoS metrics (packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput) of the proposed protocol are significantly improved when the node speed is higher than 30m/s although it is slightly better when the node speed is lower than 30m/s. Our on-demand multipath routing protocol demonstrates high potential to support QoS for high-speed MANET.

An Adaptive on-Demand Multipath Routing Protocol With QoS Support for High-Speed MANET

A survey on hybrid routing mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks

A limitation of current LoRa networks is their single-hop nature. This causes difficulties in areas with poor Internet access, such as remote rural areas, or challenging radio environments, for example in metropolitan areas, as the LoRa gateway must be placed at a location with backhaul access to the network server, but must nonetheless be reachable by all end devices. To facilitate these applications, we present a new routing protocol to enable mesh networking with LoRa, allowing for multihop networking between gateways to extend coverage. Our protocol is tailored specifically to the requirements of LoRa networks. We have developed a proof-of-concept implementation of the protocol and have shown its effectiveness in both laboratory tests and a field trial in a real-world LoRa deployment.

/pdf/a-routing-protocol-for-lora-mesh-networks-5bc66mb775.pdf

A Routing Protocol for LoRA Mesh Networks

The nodes in MANET are constrained with limited power for their vital operations since the connectivity of the network will go down as soon as node energy gets exhausted. Node failures due to power constraints cause system failures and hence minimizes end-to-end connectivity in the network. In recent years, majority of research on multicast routing protocols in MANET focus upon the mechanisms to build energy efficient multicast routes based upon shortest paths and energy consumption for various transactions at node level. In this paper, we propose an Energy Aware Multicast Routing Protocol (EAMRP) which maximizes end-to-end connectivity in the network and minimizes faults at link or/and node level. A set of multiple paths are established from source to multicast destinations using energy efficient neighbor node selection mechanism. Our scheme operates in following phases. (1) Computation of residual energy of a node using node energy model. (2) Pruning the nodes having residual energy less than threshold value. (3) Discovery of multiple routes to the destination using request and reply packets, (4) Selection of stable routes by considering residual energy of the nodes. (5) Route maintenance for route breaks and node failures due to energy drain and (6) Simulation analysis for various parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and end-to-end delay has been performed. We observe that EAMRP outperforms the energy efficient AODV and AOMDV protocols for various performance Parameters.

Gyanappa A. Walikar

Papers

A survey on hybrid routing mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks

Energy aware multicast routing in mobile ad-hoc networks using NS-2