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H Gastaut

Bio: H Gastaut is an academic researcher from French Institute of Health and Medical Research. The author has contributed to research in topics: Clinical neurophysiology & Myoclonus. The author has an hindex of 12, co-authored 22 publications receiving 1246 citations.

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TL;DR: The authors are convinced that the majority of individuals suffering from the pickwickian syndrome drowse during the day and sleep badly at night because of a primary disturbance in the wakefulness-sleep regulation which as such is based on their obesity.

426 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Les auteurs distinguent trois variétés de crises épileptiques suivant leurs conditions d'apparition:
Abstract: RESUME Les auteurs distinguent trois varietes de crises epileptiques suivant leurs conditions d'apparition: A. Les crises epileptiques fortuites B. Les crises epileptiques cycliques 1. avec une periodicite latente; 2. avec une distribution cyclique manifeste liee au cycle nyctohemerique ou a des facteurs hormonaux (cycle oestral, puberte, menopause). C. Les crises epileptiques provoquees 1 Crises provoquees par des facteurs declenchants non-sensoriels: (a) hyperthermie, (b) ingestion d'alcool, (c) hyperpnee, (d) desordres metaboliques, (e) fatique physique et privation de sommeil, (f) emotions, (g) lecture (variete intrinseque ou perceptive de l'epilepsie de la lecture), (h) audition (epilepsie musicogenique), (i) exploration visuelle (variete intrinseque ou perceptive de l'epilepsie par exploration visuelle). 2 Crises provoquees par des facteurs declenchants sensoriels ou epilepsie reflexe stricto-sensu: (a) crises provoquees par des stimuli visuels: (i) crises provoquees par la lumiere intermittente (y compris l'epilepsie de la television) (ii) crises provoquees par la lecture et l'exploration visuelle (variete extrinseque ou sensorielle de l'epilepsie de la lecture et de l'exploration visuelle) (iii) crises provoquees par la fermeture des yeux. (b) crises provoquees par des stimuli sensoriels vegetatifs. (c) crises provoquees par des stimulations sensorielles inopinees entrainant une reaction de surprise (epilepsie sursaut): (i) epilepsie-sursaut provoquee par des stimulations auditives (ii) epilepsie-sursaut provoquee par des stimulations exteroceptives ou proprioceptives (y compris l'epilepsie du mouvement). 3 Crises volontairement provoquees par le sujet lui-meme (epilepsie auto-provoquee). 4 Crises provoquees par des stimuli conditionnels. Dans leurs conclusions les auteurs proposent l'hypothese de travail suivante: chez l'homme, les facteurs qui transforment un foyer au repos (cortical ou “centrencephalique) en foyer generateur d'une activite epileptique propagee, n'agissent pas par l'intermediaire d'un mecanisme reflexe specifique, mais agissent sur l'ensemble du cerveau, soit directement, soit indirectement par l'intermediaire des structures souscorticales a projections diffuses.

235 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Valium is, in this opinion, the drug of choice for the emergency treatment of all cases of status epilepticus because it enables to distinguish properly so‐called status, which stops in most cases, from convulsive manifestations of cerebral “catastrophes” upon which it has no lasting effect.
Abstract: UMMARY Valium has proved to be one of the most effective drugs we have used in the treatment of status epilepticus. We have given one or more injections intravenously or intramuscularly, and also used up to 100 mg daily in a slow intravenous drip. Most status are stopped in a few seconds or minutes, whether generalized or partial, convulsive or non-convulsive. In the doses we used we met no respiratory nor cardiac side effects. Valium is, in our opinion, the drug of choice for the emergency treatment of all cases of status epilepticus. Moreover it enables to distinguish properly so-called status which stops in most cases, from convulsive manifestations of cerebral “catastrophes” upon which it has no lasting effect. REASUMEA Le Valium s'est reAveAleA eCtre une des drogues les plus efficaces que nous ayions utiliseAes dans le traitement des eAtats de mal eApileptiques. Nous avons pratiqueA une ou plusieurs injections par voie intraveineuse ou intramusculaire et nous avons eAgalement utiliseA jusqu'aG 100 mg par jour en perfusion lente intraveineuse. La plupart des eAtats de mal eApileptiques sont arreCteAs en quelques secondes ou minutes, qu'ils soient geAneAraliseAs ou partiels, convulsifs ou non convulsifs. Avec les doses utiliseAes, nous n'avons rencontreA aucun effet respiratoire ou cardique secondaire. Le Valium est, aG notre avis, la drogue de choix pour le traitement d'urgence de tous les cas d'eAtat de mal eApileptiques. De plus, il permet de distinguer les eAtats de mal proprement dits, qui s'arreCtent dans la plupart des cas, des manifestations convulsives de “catastrophes” ceAreAbrales sur lesquelles il n'a aucun effet durable.

161 citations


Cited by
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TL;DR: Ten patients with daytime somnolence and obesity were found to have periodic airway occlusion (AO) during nocturnal sleep, and it is speculated that genioglossal force act,s to open the oropharynx and that negative pharyngeal pressure promotes pharynGEal closure.
Abstract: .. sleep. J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 44ftik 931-938, 1978. -Ten patients with daytime somnolence and obesity were found to have periodic airway occlusion (AO) during nocturnal sleep. The cyclical ventilatory pattern consisted of a series of regular inspiratory efforts against an occluded airway (occlusive phase) alternating with a period of regular breathing (ventilatory phase). Significant periods of central respiratory apnea were observed only in one case. The effects of pharyngeal intubation and pharyngeal pressure recordings showed that the locus of airway closure lay in the oropharynx. The genioglossal electromyogram (EMG) consistently revealed periodicity: low level activity at the onset of occlusion and prominent discharge at the instant of pharyngeal opening. In one case, this activity was closely related to pharyngeal patency, whereas in other cases there was considerable overlap between EMG values recorded during occluded and ventilatory phases. In these cases, the relationship of genioglossal discharge to pharyngeal pressure correlated with the presence or absence of pharyngeal occlusion. We speculate that genioglossal force act,s to open the oropharynx and that negative pharyngeal pressure promotes pharyngeal closure. The results are consistent with the idea that, once the pharvnx has collapsed, relative recruitment of genioglossal and inspiratory muscle act.ivity is such that the latter influence outstrips the former, so that pharyngeal transmural pressure increases more than genioglossal force. Pharyngeal opening occurs coincident with arousal and preferential activation of the genioglossus muscle of the tongue.

1,670 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reviews three types of major long-term sequelae to severe OSA and discusses future research into understanding the pathophysiology of sleep apnea as a basis for uncovering newer forms of treatment of both the ventilatory disorder and its multiple sequelae.
Abstract: Sleep-induced apnea and disordered breathing refers to intermittent, cyclical cessations or reductions of airflow, with or without obstructions of the upper airway (OSA). In the presence of an anat...

1,608 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Refinements in training procedures and in the distribution-based method used to translate mu rhythm amplitudes into cursor movements should further improve this 1-dimensional control.

1,115 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increased awareness of OSA and examination of the sleeping patient should result in earlier treatment and less morbidity for infants and children with OSA.

653 citations