The global burden of cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population alongside an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors, particularly smoking, in economically developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008; of these, 56% of the cases and 64% of the deaths occurred in the economically developing world. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females, accounting for 23% of the total cancer cases and 14% of the cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cancer site in males, comprising 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% of the total cancer deaths. Breast cancer is now also the leading cause of cancer death among females in economically developing countries, a shift from the previous decade during which the most common cause of cancer death was cervical cancer. Further, the mortality burden for lung cancer among females in developing countries is as high as the burden for cervical cancer, with each accounting for 11% of the total female cancer deaths. Although overall cancer incidence rates in the developing world are half those seen in the developed world in both sexes, the overall cancer mortality rates are generally similar. Cancer survival tends to be poorer in developing countries, most likely because of a combination of a late stage at diagnosis and limited access to timely and standard treatment. A substantial proportion of the worldwide burden of cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing programs for tobacco control, vaccination (for liver and cervical cancers), and early detection and treatment, as well as public health campaigns promoting physical activity and a healthier dietary intake. Clinicians, public health professionals, and policy makers can play an active role in accelerating the application of such interventions globally.

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Global cancer statistics

Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large “areas” of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths).

/pdf/cancer-incidence-and-mortality-worldwide-sources-methods-and-39u2aiv4y0.pdf

Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (-1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.

https://researchpubs.cancercouncil.com.au/cancercounciljspui/bitstream/1/1728/1/caac21338.pdf

Cancer statistics in China, 2015

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.

Objective: To describe the HPV genotype distribution and to investigate the underlying secular trend in the relative contribution of HPV types 16-18 in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) over a period of 47 years (1958-2004) in South Korea Methods: Paraffin embedded ICC samples were obtained from historical archives of two hospitals in Korea HPV detection and genotyping was performed by SPF10 PCR, DEIA and LiPA25 assays (version 1) Results: Of 874 ICC cases, 742 were considered suitable for HPV DNA testing after histological evaluation Squamous cell carcinoma was the major histological type (930%) HPV was detected in 674 of the 742 specimens (908%) The five most common types identified as single types among HPV-positive cases were HPV16 (631%), HPV18 (85%), HPV33 (45%), HPV58 (39%) and HPV31 (30%) Multiple infections were detected in 5% HPV16-18 together accounted for 72% of all HPV-positive cervical cancers with no statistically significant differences by time at diagnosis (adjusted model-p>005) Conclusion: This present study confirmed the role of HPV infection as the main factor in cervical cancer in Korea HPV16-18 accounted for more than 70% in cervical cancer and there was no statistically significant secular trend for the past 50 years

Type-specific human papillomavirus distribution in invasive cervical cancer in Korea, 1958-2004.

The comparison of two smoking biomarkers in various biological samples.

Abstract 4675: Alcohol consumption and mortality in the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) Study

Cancer is primarily a disease of older adults. However, little data is available on the clinical features of cervical cancer in elderly patients. We investigated the trends in incidence and clinical features associated with cervical cancer among the elderly in Korea during the period of 1993–2002. We obtained data from the National Cervical Cancer Incidence Database, which was constructed in collaboration with the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) and Korea Gynecologic Cancer Registry (KGCR). A total of 44 191 women with cervical cancer were diagnosed between 1993 and 2002. Patients were divided into three groups based on age: ≤49 years (Group 1), 50–69 years (Group 2), and≥70 years (Group 3). During this period, upward incidence trends were noted in Group 3 while constant and downward incidence trends were noted in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Pooled analysis across years revealed that squamous cell carcinoma and advanced stage (IIB, III, and IV) were more common in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2. Wi...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02841860601134493

Hai-Rim Shin

Papers

Type-specific human papillomavirus distribution in invasive cervical cancer in Korea, 1958-2004.

The comparison of two smoking biomarkers in various biological samples.

Abstract 4675: Alcohol consumption and mortality in the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) Study

Increasing trend in the incidence of cervical cancer among the elderly in Korea: a population-based study from 1993 to 2002.

Coding region polymorphisms in the CHFR mitotic stress checkpoint gene are associated with colorectal cancer risk.