Background: Ascariasis is a common helminthic disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract of human beings and is caused by the Ascaris lumbricoid worm. Most of the time, this parasite resides in the intestinal lumen, but it can occasionally travel to the biliary tract through the ampulla of Vater. The most serious and potentially fatal complication of intestinal ascariasis is biliary ascariasis, which can appear in different ways. 
Case Report: A non-diabetic, non-alcoholic female reported to the emergency department with a one-day history of abdominal pain and vomiting with worms. The pain began gradually with a score of 7/10 and rapidly deteriorated during the day, reaching 10/10 at the hospital presentation. The patient also had a significant medical history.  Before papillotomy, she underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with the removal of one common bile duct (CBD) stone, but no stent was implanted. She had her laparoscopic cholecystectomy done as well. Laboratory examination revealed normal liver function tests and C-reactive protein. While abdominal ultrasound confirmed the presence of hepatic pericholangitis and on ultrasound imaging, the CBD was found to be enlarged approximately 7 mm in diameter and had a linear tubular structure with centre faint echogenicity and periphery tubularity. The ultimate diagnosis of the patient was cholangitis brought on by Ascaris lumbricoides. After the diagnosis, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed sphincterotomy with CBD dilation. The worm was extracted by grasping it with biopsy forceps and pulled out of the papilla using a balloon catheter. The length of the worm was 18 centimeters. 
Conclusion: Ascaris is the most frequently occurring disease that can cause biliary complications, such as cholangitis.  This case report suggests that cholangitis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides can be successfully treated with the endoscopic approach, indicating that endoscopy could be a viable option to manage ascaris.

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Ascaris lumbricoides Infestation of Bile Ducts: Case Report

Introduction Acute cholangitis caused by hepatobiliary ascariasis is quite rare. Factors like a prior history of hepatobiliary surgery, pregnancy, and prolonged fasting increase the possibility of developing hepatobiliary ascariasis. Case Presentation We present a case of obstructive jaundice and severe acute cholangitis caused by massive hepatobiliary and pancreatic duct ascariasis in a 52-year-old male patient. The diagnosis was made based on clinical presentation, imaging, and other basic investigations. The treatment consisted of conservative medical treatment, without an anti-helminthic drug to avoid the death of the worm inside the bile duct with subsequent complications. Our patient declined surgical treatment and died three days after self-discharge. Conclusion Ascaris lumbricoides is a uncommon cause of acute cholangitis. It should be suspected in cases with typical clinical presentation and imaging evidence suggestive of hepatobiliary ascariasis. Endoscopic treatment is the treatment of choice in addition to anti-helminthic drugs and additional medical support. Conservative treatment alone is less likely to be successful.

Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Duct Ascariasis: An Unusual Cause of Obstructive Jaundice and Severe Acute Cholangitis

Avocado is among the subtropical fruit crops produced in Ethiopia; however, the production and Productivity of avocado is influenced by different factors; of which lack of improved and well adapted varieties are the major one. So, an experiment was conducted at Fachagama from 2013 to 2019 to evaluate and select the best adaptable avocado variety/ies at Raya Valley. Six avocado varieties namely Ettinger, Fuerte, Pinkarton, Hass, Naba and Bacon were laid in RCBD and replicated three times. To achieve the objective, the growth, phenological and yield data were collected and analyzed using SAS software.  Accordingly, above graft union stem girth diameter was significantly (P≤0.01) affected by variety, while tree height and canopy diameter were not significantly ascertained by variety. All the tested avocado fruit yield parameters were significantly (P≤0.01) influenced by variety throughout the three years except marketable fruit yield tree-1 and the total yield tree-1 which was not significantly (P≥0.5) determined by variety during 2017 fruit harvesting year. Variety exerted significant (P≤0.01) variation on fruit length (cm) fruit weight (g) and seed weight respectively, throughout the three years (2016-2018), the two years (2017 and 2018) and the two years (2016 and2018). The highest girth diameter (61.44mm) was obtained on Nabal variety. Likewise, the highest (15.51 and18.88kg tree-1) total yield was recorded in Pikerton and Bacon varieties respectively during 2016 and 2018 respectively. From the result Pinkerton and Bacon are recommended for Raya Valley and other areas having similar agro-ecologies.  However, it is important to consider the water requirements in terms of irrigation depth and frequency of avocado.

Growth and Yield Evaluation of Avocado (Persea americana) Varieties in Lowland Agro Ecology of Raya Azebo, Southern Zone of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

The experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of dessert banana cultivars at Raya Azebo with the aim of selecting well adaptable and high yield banana cultivar/s. To achieve the goal of the study, the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. From the experiment, different growth, phenological, yield, and yield-related data were collected, and analyzed using SAS software version 9.3. Dwarf Cavendish cultivar flowered earlier (549.70 days). The maximum number of days (627.20) from planting to fruit setting was recorded on Ducase Hybrid cultivar. Ducase Hybrid gave significantly the maximum bunch weight for the mother (21.04 kg) and daughter (24.53 kg) tree. The maximum number of hand bunch‑1 was recorded on Ducase Hybrid cultivar on both mother (11.31) and daughter (12.17) tree. Ducase hybrid gave significantly the maximum (357.80 qt/ha) marketable fruit yield hectare‑1on the mother tree. On the daughter tree, Ducase hybrid gave significantly the highest (392.5 qt/ha) marketable fruit yield hectare­-1. The average of mother and daughter tree cropping cycle revealed that Ducase hybrid gave first ranked highest marketable fruit yield (375.15 qt/ha), but sensitive to wind. Williams‑I gave the second ranked highest (334.95 qt/ha) marketable fruit yield hectare‑1. Thus, Williams-I cultivar is recommended for the local area. Further, study on water requirements and biochemical content is crucial. 

Evaluation of Dessert Banana (Musa spp.) Cultivars for Growth, Phenological, Yield and Yield Components at Raya Azebo Districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is an important fruit produced and consumed worldwide and it’s an excellent source of vitamin C. However, citrus industry in Ethiopia is at an infant stage; which is particularly due to shortage of improved and adapted cultivars and their distribution. Considering these, six sweet orange cultivars were evaluated to select adapted, high yielding and quality cultivar/s. Different growth, phenological, yield and yield component data were collected and analyzed using SAS. Days to maturity was also highly significantly (p<0.01)) affected by cultivars in 2017 cropping year. Fruit weight without rind (flesh weight) and juice weight were highly significantly (p<0.05) affected by cultivars in 2018 harvesting year. Marketable yield, unmarketable yield, and total yield tree-1 were significantly affected by cultivars in both 2017 and 2018 harvesting year. O. Valencia is late matured cultivars which took 1622 days from planting to first harvest. While, P.W.N. is early matured cultivars with average number of days of 1104 from planting to first harvest. In 2017, Hamlin, gave the highest marketable fruit yield tree-1 (68.61 kg) and total yield tree-1 (68.94kg). Jaffa gave significantly the maximum marketable fruit yield tree-1 (197.24 kg) and total yield tree-1 (198.81 kg) in 2018 cropping year. In 2019 harvesting year, Hamlin gave the highest marketable (63.3 kg) and total (64.02 kg) fruit yield tree-1. In average Jaffa and Hamlin gave the maximum marketable fruit yield tree-1 from the three consecutive harvesting years with mean value of 95.38 kg and 72.24 kg respectively. So, in Raya Azebo, and other areas having similar agro-ecologies Jaffa and Hamlin cultivars are recommended. Further, studying the nutritional content and water requirements of these cultivars are suggested.

GROWTH, PHENOLOGICAL, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS EVALUATION OF SWEET ORANGE (Citrus sinensis L.) CULTIVARS IN RAYA AZEBO WOREDA OF SOUTHERN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA

Background: Ethiopia is one of the countries which placed education at the center of its strategies for development and democratization, with strong policies promoting quality of educational provision and rapid expansion of educational opportunity to previously underserved populations (AUC, 2005; TGE, 1994). Objective: The core objective behind this study is to identify key factors affecting output indicator of primary education quality at Lay Gayint Woreda in South Gondar zone. That is to identify factors which affect output indicator of quality of primary education, the determinant indicators on outcome variable, to select the most important variables that are related to output indicator of quality of primary education in Lay Gayint Woreda. Methods: In this study multiple linear regression model, factor analysis or principal component analysis was used. Conclusion: This study used regression analysis and factor/ principal component analysis and the following results were obtained. From the selected variables the most significance factors are counseling office, job satisfaction of teachers, way of monitoring and evaluation, school leadership and library service, sex, work load at home, time taken to arrive in the school and preschool attendance, schools input and leadership factors and teachers activity have a significance effect on the school output. The variables supportive books at home, head of house hold educational level, house hold size, age of the student, number of students in class, teachers academic qualification, exam condition, laboratory service, availability duplicating machine, toilet and water service in school had not significance effect on the output of schools.

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Analysis of the Determinants of Academic Achievement of Primary Education: A Case Study on Grade Eight Students at Lay Gayint Wereda in Amhara Regional State

Hailemariam Abebe

Papers

Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Duct Ascariasis: An Unusual Cause of Obstructive Jaundice and Severe Acute Cholangitis

Growth and Yield Evaluation of Avocado (Persea americana) Varieties in Lowland Agro Ecology of Raya Azebo, Southern Zone of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

Evaluation of Dessert Banana (Musa spp.) Cultivars for Growth, Phenological, Yield and Yield Components at Raya Azebo Districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia

GROWTH, PHENOLOGICAL, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS EVALUATION OF SWEET ORANGE (Citrus sinensis L.) CULTIVARS IN RAYA AZEBO WOREDA OF SOUTHERN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA

Analysis of the Determinants of Academic Achievement of Primary Education: A Case Study on Grade Eight Students at Lay Gayint Wereda in Amhara Regional State