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Analysis Synthesis And Design Of Chemical Processes

Due to the large amount of diesel fuel demands worldwide and the negative environmental and health impacts of its direct combustion, biodiesel production and consumption have been globally increasing as the best short-term substitute for mineral diesel. However, using edible and non-edible oil feedstocks for biodiesel production has led to several controversial issues including feedstock availability and cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, land use changes (LUC), and fuel vs. food/feed competition. Fortunately, these problems can be effectively overcome using non-crop feedstocks. In this context, waste-oriented oils/fats have been proposed as the excellent options to produce biodiesel by overlooking the trivial collection/recycling costs. In this review article, a comprehensive collection plan followed by an elaborated integrated utilization strategy called “waste oil biodiesel utilization scenario” (WO-BUS) is proposed for Iran in order to achieve cost-effective and eco-friendly production/consumption of biodiesel. WO-BUS is adoptable by the countries with similar situations and infrastructures.

A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization

Economics of biodiesel production: Review

Anaerobic treatment of apple waste with swine manure for biogas production: Batch and continuous operation

Reactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: a review.

Castor plant for biodiesel, biogas, and ethanol production with a biorefinery processing perspective

Serious environmental concerns regarding the use of fossil-based fuels have raised awareness regarding the necessity of alternative clean fuels and energy carriers. Biodiesel is considered a clean, biodegradable, and non-toxic diesel substitute produced via the transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol in the presence of a proper catalyst. After initial separation of the by-product (glycerol), the crude biodiesel needs to be purified to meet the standard specifications prior to marketing. The presence of impurities in the biodiesel not only significantly affects its engine performance but also complicates its handling and storage. Therefore, biodiesel purification is an essential step prior to marketing. Biodiesel purification methods can be classified based on the nature of the process into equilibrium-based, affinity-based, membrane-based, reaction-based, and solid-liquid separation processes. The main adverse properties of biodiesel – namely moisture absorption, corrosiveness, and high viscosity – primarily arise from the presence of oxygen. To address these issues, several upgrading techniques have been proposed, among which catalytic (hydro)deoxygenation using conventional hydrotreating catalysts, supported metallic materials, and most recently transition metals in various forms appear promising. Nevertheless, catalyst deactivation (via coking) and/or inadequacy of product yields necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on the techniques and methods used for biodiesel purification and upgrading.

A comprehensive review on biodiesel purification and upgrading

Biodiesel, a promising alternative fuel, is not a completely renewable fuel, as it currently uses oil-based methanol for its industrial production. Integrated biodiesel and bioethanol production in a biorefinery unit can overcome this challenge together with an improved economy. In this study, castor plant was applied to an integrated biodiesel and ethanol production. The extracted oil was transesterified with ethanol produced through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the castor plant residue. An alkaline pretreatment using 8% w/v sodium hydroxide at 100 °C for 60 min was applied to improve the ethanol production yield from 27.2 to 71.0%. An experimental design using response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the biodiesel production yield. The optimum biodiesel yield was 85.0 ± 1.0%, obtained at 62.5 °C using an ethanol to oil mass ratio of 0.29:1 for 3.46 h, which was in agreement with the predicted yield (84.4%). Accordingly, 1 kg of castor plant resulted in production of 149.6 g biodiesel and at least 30.1 g ethanol as the final products with no extra alcohol feedstock requirement.

Biodiesel production from castor plant integrating ethanol production via a biorefinery approach

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising multisource and multipurpose clean fuel and value-added chemical synthesized from syngas. This process can be either performed in a single stage (direct process) using a dual catalysis system or a two stage (indirect process) where syngas is first converted into methanol and then dehydrated to produce DME. While the dehydration reaction has been studied extensively over multiple decades, to date no review has been conducted on the catalysts involved in the methanol dehydration reaction. This work demonstrates the state of the art in catalyst preparation and analysis for this application. The dominant catalysts are studied extensively in this work, including γ-Al2O3 and various zeolites, such as ZSM-5, Y, beta and mordenite as well as their relevant modifications. Additionally, silica-alumina, mesoporous silicates, alumina phosphate, silicoaluminophosphates, heteropoly acids (HPAs), metal oxides, ion exchange resins and quasicrystals are discussed in this work, owing to the wide variety of catalysts available and studied for the purposes of methanol dehydration to DME.

Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether: A Review

Biomass biorefining can improve the economy of biofuel production through synthesizing multiple value-added products and minimizing waste production. In this study, Eruca sativa was evaluated as a biorefining feedstock. High free fatty acid oil was first pretreated through an esterification process and then applied to an alkaline transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The effects of the operating conditions were studied to maximize the biodiesel production yield. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment was employed to improve biogas and ethanol production from the plant residues. The pretreatment at 100 °C for 60 min represented the most promising potential for ethanol production, resulting in over 215% improvement in the yield. The pretreatment at 0 °C was more successful than the pretreatment at 100 °C for the biogas production; however, the results were not universal. Even though in the case of the straw, the pretreatment for 60 min increased the methane production by 233% compared to untreated straw, it showed a negative effect on the anaerobic digestion of the seed cake. At the best conditions, 1 kg of Eruca sativa yielded 140 g biodiesel, 16.8 g glycerol, 76.2 g ethanol from the pretreated straw, and 60.0 L (39.3 g) methane from the untreated seed cake.

Hamed Bateni

Papers

Castor plant for biodiesel, biogas, and ethanol production with a biorefinery processing perspective

A comprehensive review on biodiesel purification and upgrading

Biodiesel production from castor plant integrating ethanol production via a biorefinery approach

Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Dehydration of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether: A Review

Biorefining of Eruca sativa plant for efficient biofuel production