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Operations research: applications and algorithms / Wayne L. Winston

A comprehensive review on the methods used for fault detection, classification and location in transmission lines and distribution systems is presented in this study. Though the three topics are highly correlated, the authors try to discuss them separately, so that one may have a more logical and comprehensive understanding of the concepts without getting confused. Great significance is also attached to the feature extraction process, without which the majority of the methods may not be implemented properly. Fault detection techniques are discussed on the basis of feature extraction. After the overall concepts and general ideas are presented, representative works as well as new progress in the techniques are covered and discussed in detail. One may find the content of this study helpful as a detailed literature review or a practical technical guidance.

/pdf/fault-detection-classification-and-location-for-transmission-3eohd3jjan.pdf

Fault detection, classification and location for transmission lines and distribution systems: a review on the methods

Communication infrastructure (CI) in microgrids (MGs) allows for the application of different control architectures for the secondary control (SC) layer. The use of new SC architectures involving CI is motivated by the need to increase MG resilience and handle the intermittent nature of distributed generation units. The structure of SC is classified into three main categories, including centralized SC (CSC) with a CI, distributed SC (DISC) generally with a low-data-rate CI, and decentralized SC (DESC) with communication-free infrastructure. To meet the MGs’ operational constraints and optimize performance, control and communication must be utilized simultaneously in different control layers. In this survey, we review and classify all types of SC policies from CI-based methods to communication-free policies, including CSC, averaging-based DISC, consensus-based DISC methods, containment pinning consensus, event-triggered DISC, washout-filter-based DESC, and state-estimation-based DESC. Each structure is scrutinized from the viewpoint of the relevant literature. Challenges such as clock drifts, cyber-security threats, and the advantage of event-triggered approaches are presented. Fully decentralized approaches based on state-estimation and observation methods are also addressed. Although these approaches eliminate the need of any CI for the voltage and frequency restoration, during black start process or other functionalities related to the tertiary layer, a CI is required. Power hardware-in-the-loop experimental tests are carried out to compare the merits and applicability of different SC structures.

/pdf/on-the-secondary-control-architectures-of-ac-microgrids-an-151dix7731.pdf

On the Secondary Control Architectures of AC Microgrids: An Overview

This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave-based fault location method for a hybrid transmission line: an overhead line combined with an underground cable. Discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) is used to extract transient information from the measured voltages. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are utilized to identify the faulty-section and faulty-half. Bewley diagrams are observed for the traveling wave patterns and the wavelet coefficients of the aerial mode voltage are used to locate the fault. The transient simulation for different fault types and locations are obtained by ATP using frequency-dependent line and cable models. MATLAB is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The performance of the method is tested for different fault inception angles (FIA), different fault resistances, non-linear high impedance faults (NLHIF), and non-ideal faults with satisfactory results. The impact of cable aging on the proposed method accuracy is also investigated.

A Machine Learning and Wavelet-Based Fault Location Method for Hybrid Transmission Lines

High impedance fault detection: A review

This paper presents a traveling-wave-based fault-location algorithm for hybrid multiterminal transmission systems that consist of one onshore overhead lines and multiple offshore submarine cables. Such hybrid transmission systems are common for interconnection of offshore wind farms to the main grid. The input to the algorithm is synchronized transient voltage measurements from all of the receiving ends. These measurements are obtained by optical voltage transducers equipped with global positioning system receivers for time synchronization. The discrete wavelet transformation is utilized to decompose the mode-1 voltages at the receiving ends. The first wave arrival times are then obtained by observing the squares of the wavelet transformation coefficient (WTC
 2
). The transient simulations and the postfault analysis are carried out using EMTP-RV and MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox, respectively. The accuracy, limitations, and capabilities of the proposed algorithm are presented and discussed for different fault conditions.

Traveling-Wave-Based Fault-Location Algorithm for Hybrid Multiterminal Circuits

This paper presents a traveling-wave-based method for fault classification and localization for three-terminal power transmission systems. In the proposed method, the discrete wavelet transform is utilized to extract transient information from the recorded voltages. Support-vector-machine classifiers are then used to classify the fault type and faulty line/half in the transmission networks. Bewley diagrams are observed for the traveling-wave patterns and the wavelet coefficients of the aerial mode voltage are used to locate the fault. Alternate Transients Program software is used for transients simulations. The performance of the method is tested for different fault inception angles, different fault resistances, nonlinear high impedance faults, and nontypical faults with satisfactory results.

A Fault Classification and Localization Method for Three-Terminal Circuits Using Machine Learning

A single-ended fault location method for segmented HVDC transmission line

This paper presents fuzzy logic control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine in a sample power system. DFIG consists of a common induction generator with slip ring and a partial scale power electronic converter. Fuzzy logic controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. Wind turbine and its control unit are described in details. All power system components are simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC software and for fuzzy control, using a user defined block, this software is linked to MATLAB. For studying the performance of controller, different abnormal conditions are applied even the worst case. Simulation results prove the excellent performance of fuzzy control unit as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.

Hanif Livani

Papers

A Machine Learning and Wavelet-Based Fault Location Method for Hybrid Transmission Lines

Traveling-Wave-Based Fault-Location Algorithm for Hybrid Multiterminal Circuits

A Fault Classification and Localization Method for Three-Terminal Circuits Using Machine Learning

A single-ended fault location method for segmented HVDC transmission line

Fuzzy Logic Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine