NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

Public Management Reform. A Comparative Analysis

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Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom

The Future of the Capitalist State

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The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking (Chicago Series in Law and Society)

Gender mainstreaming has been celebrated as a new policy strategy for change in gender relations. However, its transformative potential seems to be lost in the process of implementation. The aim of this article is to evaluate the policy effectiveness of gender mainstreaming and its ability to bring about change in gendered social structures and practices. Previous research has focused on gender mainstreaming as a policy strategy. This article provides a new perspective on the problems of implementation by approaching gender mainstreaming from an organizational perspective. Gender mainstreaming takes place in certain organizational contexts, implemented by local actors. This article reveals the practices of implementation in the Finnish state administration, specifically in the Ministry of Defence. The analysis is based on a discursive reading of thirteen group and individual interviews collected in the Ministry of Defence in 2012. The article pinpoints two interlinking problems concerning implemen...

Organizational perspective to gender mainstreaming in the Finnish state administration

There is increasing recognition that the experiment has emerged as a preferred mode of policy making in advanced liberal states and that policy experiments are operating at the frontier of neoliberal reform processes. In this article, by considering Finland’s recent turn to the experiment, we highlight how this non-conventional mode of policy making is connected to a dimension of change so far missing in analyses of experimentality, namely the activation of contests in regard to price and prices. We emphasize how, via experimental policies, the state is actively engaged in opening out the contestability and unpredictability of price. Recognition of this engagement advances the sociology of price by outlining how the state is proactive in making price a contestable value.

Experimental policy, price and the provocative state

In this article, we explore the policies and processes of selection and recruitment from the perspective
of equality. Focusing on tacit ideas of the ‘ideal worker,’ ideal recruitment, and selection
that direct the recruitment process, we examine the ways in which implicit ideas and recruitmentrelated
settings of daily interaction become informal practices of inequality. In this analysis, we rely
on the conceptual framework of inequality regimes. The qualitative analysis of the semi-structured
interviews focuses on the categories of gender, ethnicity, and age. We identified three categories
of informal practices of inequality, which we have named as recruitment by the book, relocation
of responsibility, and recruiting by addressing the difference. The findings suggest that although
recruiters follow the legislation concerning equal treatment in recruitment, they do so because
they want to avoid problems and possible litigation rather than because they are committed to
promoting equality as an end in itself. However, equality promotion requires that gender, ethnicity,
and age equality is itself the goal. If equality serves other goals, such as avoiding litigation or boosting
business, the everyday practices of recruitment may turn into informal practices of inequality.

/pdf/informal-practices-of-inequality-in-recruitment-in-finland-1kum2q9bwt.pdf

Informal Practices of Inequality in Recruitment in Finland

This article is concerned with price and pricing in the context of finance led neoliberal reform. It considers the sentiment often encountered in accounts of such reform that price instability is t...

/pdf/experimenting-with-price-crafting-the-new-social-contract-in-3i4opc2cim.pdf

Experimenting with Price: Crafting the New Social Contract in Finland:

822 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/gwao This article explores the possibilities and constraints for feminist knowledge production and diffusion, and its influence over policy making and public debate in the context of austerity and neoliberal governance. By analysing the process in which a group of Finnish academic feminists used their expert position to influence government policy in 2015–2017, the article illustrates the strategies they adopted to engage in political debates and how they negotiated the new political landscape. The research material was derived from two years of action research and participant observation and is considered through the theoretical lens of governance feminism. The article makes a distinctive contribution to extant theories of governance feminism, by drawing upon theories of affects and ambivalence as a complement to governance feminism's focus on discourses and co‐optation. We coin the term affective virtuosity to highlight the importance of affect in feminist knowledge production and diffusion, and in shaping the various perspectives available to feminist scholars in encounters with politicians and policymakers.

Hanna Ylöstalo

Papers

Organizational perspective to gender mainstreaming in the Finnish state administration

Experimental policy, price and the provocative state

Informal Practices of Inequality in Recruitment in Finland

Experimenting with Price: Crafting the New Social Contract in Finland:

Affective virtuosity: Challenges for governance feminism in the context of the economic crisis